List Two for Caesar - Mostly Martial Words

Be able to decline:   eadem magna aciēs           haec fortis manus       illa tota pars 

attingo, attingere, attigī, attāctus - to touch against; touch, reach, arrive at, border (ad + tango)

accēdō, accēdere, acccessī, accessum (ad + cēdō - to go) - approach, come near to, arrive at, come to; to be added. 

accidō, accidere, accidī, ——- (ad + cadō - to fall) - fall to or upon; befall; happen, fall to the lot of, occur. 

animadvertō, animadvertere, animadvertī, animadversum -  turn mind to, notice

cogō, cogere, coēgī, coactus - bring together; to compel 

conspicio, conspire, conspexī, conspectus -  to look at attentively, to get sight of, to descry, perceive

conici, conicere, conieci, coniectus - to hurl, to throw

consuescō, consuescere, consuēvī, consuētus - to be accustomed (to) + infinitive

cognosco, cognoscere, cognovi, cognotus - to learn, come to know (in the perfect = know). 

contendō, contendere, contendī, contentus - to struggle, vie, fight 

dedo, dedere, dedidi, deditus - to give up, surrender 

desum, deesse, defuī - to be lacking; to fail + dative case

expugnō (1) to take by storm, capture

existimō (1) to judge, consider, think 

efficiō, efficere, effēcī, effectus - to do, effect(often used impersonally + ut + subjunctive = “it happened that.....”

gerō, gerere, gessī, gestum - to wage, conduct, accomplish; wear

incolō, incolere - to dwell, to inhabit  

incito (1) to drive forward, to stir on, incite (recite, incite,

excitō (1) to excite 

mūniō (4) to fortify 

nanciscor, nanciscī, nactus sum - to find, to obtain

nascor, nascī, natus sum - to be born 

patior, patī, passus sum - to suffer, to endure, to allow

pateo, patēre, patuī - to be open, to spread, to be revealed

potior, potiri, potitus sum + ABL or GEN.  = to gain possession or control of 

probō (1) to approve, to commend, to prove, to approve, to put to the test

praecēdo, praecēdere, praecessī, praecessus - to go before, excel 

procēdō, procēdere, processī, processus - to advance, go forward 

proficiscor, proficiscī, profectus sum - to set out  

subveniō, subvenīre, subvēnī, subventum - to come to the aid of + dative

aciēs, aciēī (f) battle line; battle; edge, line of sight 

agmen, agminis (n) marching line, column (novissimum agmen = rear of theline)

auxilium, auxiliī (n) help 

castra, castrōrum (n) camp

cohors, cohortis (f) cohort

cornū, cornūs (n) wing (of an army); horn 

copiae, copiārum (f) troops, forces

equites, equitum (m. pl.) cavalry

equitātus, equitātūs (m) cavalry 

eruptiō, eruptiōnis (f) a breaking out

exercitus, exercitūs (m) army

fossa, fossae (f) ditch 

frumentum, frumentī (n) grain, (in plural = crops)

impedimentum, impedimentī (n) impediment, obstacle, (in plural = baggage train)

impetus, impetūs (m) attack (impetuous) 

latus, lateris (n) side; flank

legātus, legātī (m) envoy; lieutenant general

legiō, legiōnis (f) legion (3600-6000 milites) 

manus, manūs (f) hand; band or group of soldiers

mīles, mīlitis (m) soldier

munitiō, munitiōnis (f) fortification 

mūrus, mūrī (m) wall 

obsidiō, obsidiōnis (f) siege, blockade 

pars, partis (f) part, side; direction 

passus, passūs (m) step, pace

pīlum, pīlī (n) javelin, spear  

praesidium, praesidiī (n) guard

proelium, proeliī (n)  battle

profectiō, profectiōnis (f) departure, setting out 

salūs, salūtis (f) safety, salvation 

scutum, scutī (n) shield 

subsidium, subsidiī (n) help, reinforcement, support

tēlum, tēlī  (n) weapon; spear 

turris, turris (turrim and turrium) (f) tower

ūsus, ūsūs (m) use (of used as a dative of purpose by Caesar)

vigilia, -ae (f) watch (military)

vallum, vallī (n) rampart; wall (interval) 

virtūs, virtūtis (f) courage, valour 

ācer, ācris, ācre - fierce, harsh

expeditus, a, um - unimpeded, lightly armed 

fortis, forte (adj.) brave, strong

parātus, a, um - prepared

reliquus, a, um - remaining, the rest

tardus, a, um - slow

aliquis, aliquid - someone, something

quīcumque, quaecumque, quodcumque (indef. rel. pron.) - whoever, whatever; whosoever, whatsoever

quisque, quidque (indefinite pron.) - each one, each thing, each 

apud (prep. + acc.) near, among, in the presence of 

nē...quidem = not even (surrounds the word that it emphasizes) 

omnīnō (adv. from omnis, omne) altogether, wholly, entirely, utterly, at all

nuper (adv.) recently

qua (relative) where

quīn = that + subjunctive

ferē (adv.) nearly, almost

praeterea (adv.) besides, moreover

procul (adv.) at a distance, far away

prope (adv.) near

propterea quod - because, on account of the fact that

Phrases or Idioms:

Res est testimoniō - “the matter is for (the purpose of) evidence”

capere consilium  - to adopt plan 

dē summīs rebus - “concerning the most serious circumstances”

in ipsō negotiō: 'in the midst of action'.

ad hunc modum - in this manner

in perpetuum - forever 

sē recēpērunt - they retreated

longē latēque - far and wide

eōdem diē - on the same day 

subductīs navibus - ships drawn up 

magnā manū - with a large group of men 

summō locō - in the highest position

milia passuum = a Roman mile 

numerō hostium habēre - to consider as an enemy

Vocabulary List for Aeneid, Book I (First List) 

Be able to decline:  haec sola vis or quoddam infelix mare or idem fortis vir

Acestes, -ae (m) king of Sicily 

Aeolus, -i (m) Aeolus, King of Wind ( from Homer's Odyssey)

Dardanus, a, um = Trojan, of Dardanus, legendary king of Troy 

Latona, -ae (f) Leto, mother of Apollo and Diana

Ilium, Ilii (n) Illium = Trot as in Iliad = story of Ilium or Ilioupersis, destruction of Troy

Iulus, -i (m) son of Aeneas AKA Ascanius, hence the Gens Iulii.  

Poeni, -orum (m. pl.) Carthaginians, Phoenicians 

Teurcri- orum (m. p.) descendant of Teucer (Who the hell is Teucer?)

Tyrius, a, um - Tyrian or of Tyre, a Phoenician city in the Levant 

Hesperia, -ae (f) land in the west

Saturnius, a, um - of Saturn; Saturnia = Juno

accendo, accendere, accendi, accensus - to inflame; enrage 

adeo, adire, adiī, aditus - to approach, encounter 

amplector, amplectī, amplexus sum - to embrace (amplexus)

ardeo, ardere, arsi, arsus - to burn; be eager

arceo, arcere, arcui - keep off, defend, restrain 

adsurgo, adsurgere, adsurrexi, adsurrectus - to rise up, to stand up 

aspicio, aspicere, aspexi, aspectus - to look at, behold, look upon 

desisto, desistere, destiti - to leave off, desist 

cieo, ciere, civi, citus - rouse, stir 

cano, canere, cecinī, cantus - to sing

cerno, cernere, crevi, cretus - to discern, perceive 

doleo, dolere, dolui - to suffer, grieve, resent 

eripio, eripere, eripui, ereptus - to snatch away

for, fari, fatus sum - to speak

foveo, fovere, fovi - to cherish, fondle 

fundo, fundere, fudi, fusus - to pour 

furo, furere - to rage, rave, be frantic 

defigo, defigere, defixi, defixus - fix, to fasten 

haereo, haereo, haesi, haesum - to cling, to stick, to get stuck; be embarrassed

incedo, incedere, incessi, incessus - to go forth, stride, walk majestically 

insto, instare - to press on + dative

mollio (4) to soften

parco, parcere, peperci + dative = to spare, pardon 

populo (1) to devastate, 

stupeo, stupere, stupui - to stand fixed, to be dazed 

sumo, sumere, sumpsi, sumptus - take, use up, consume (alsoadsumo) 

surgo, surgere, surrexi, surrectus - to rise up, to stand up 

solvo, solvere, solvi, solutus - to loosen, set free; bring an end to 

veho, vehere, vexi, vectus - to convey, carry 

veto, vetere, vetui - to forbid, prevent

voluto (1) to roll over and over and over and over and over....

aequor, aequoris (n) sea, level surface of the sea 

aes, aeris (n) bronze

anima, -ae (f) soul, spirit, ghost [breath , wind, air]. Transf., [the breath of life, vital principle, soul]; 'animam edere', [to give up the ghost]; poet., [life-blood]; meton., [a living being]; sometimes = animus, [rational soul].

animus, -i (m) [the spiritual or rational principle of life in man]. More specifically: (1) [the seat of feeling , the heart]; 'animi causa', [for pleasure]; loc. (or genit.) 'animi', [at heart]. (2) [character, disposition]; as a trait of character (esp. in plur.) [courage, spirit, vivacity]; also [pride, arrogance]. (3) [the seat of the will, intention]: 'habeo in animo', [I am resolved]. (4) [the seat of thought, intellect, mind, memory, consciousness].

antrum, -i (n) cave

arx, arcis (f) citadel ara, ae (f) altar

arvum, -i (n) field 

aura, -ae (f) breeze, air

aurum, -i (n) gold

auris, -is (f) ears         

aura, -ae (f) breeze 

caterva, -ae (f) crowd

caecus, a, um - blind

clarus, a, um - clear, bright; distinguished, noble 

cura, curae (f) care, worry, anxiety (sinecure) 

discrimen, discriminis (n) a dividing line; critical moment; crisis; hardship

excidium, excidiī (n) destruction

foedus, foederis (n) treaty, contract (federal)

foris, -is (f) door, gate 

harena, -ae (f) sand (arena)

inceptum,  -i (n) beginning, undertaking

iuvenis, -is (m) youth 

ius, iuris (n) law

mare, maris (n) sea

moles, molis (f) a mass; undertaking, burden 

mos, moris (m) custom 

metus, -us (m) fear

officium, -ii (n) duty, kindness, favour, service 

opus, operis (n) work, labour, task 

ops, ops (f) power, influence; resources, wealth

ora, -ae (f) shore

praeda, -ae (f) booty 

porta, -ae (f) gate

progenies, progeniei (f) offspring 

pelagus, -i (n) sea

pectus, pectoris (n) chest; heart; soul 

ramus, -i (m) branch 

remus, -i (m) oar

relinquiae, ārum (fem. pl.) the leavings, remnants

sidus, sideris (n) star

sors, sortis (f) lot, chance; fate 

turbo, turbinis (m) storm; whirlwind 

vis, vis (f) force; in plural = strength 

acutus, a, um - sharp 

aetherius, a, um- of the upper air, ethereal 

ater, atra, atrum - black 

avidus, a, um - eager 

barbarus, a, um - foreign, strange, uncivilized 

crudelis, crudele- cruel, bloody 

cunctus, a, um - all 

infelix, infelicis - unhappy, ill-fated, barren 

laetus, a, um - happy 

memor, memoris (adj.) mindful, remembering + genitive 

potens, potentis (adj.) powerful, ruling over + genitive 

subnixus, a, um + abl.   resting on (from nitor, niti) 

tutus, a, um - safe

at, ast (adversative conj.) 

adhuc (adv.) to his point, till now

coram (adv.) openly, publicly, face to face

equidem - truly, indeed, certainly 

pariter (adv.) equally 

praeterea (adv.) here after, besides

quippe (adv.) of course, certain (tone?)

seu...seu (sive...sive)  - whether...or

List Four for De Bello Gallico

Verb game on: dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductus or patior, patī, passus sum

adipiscor, adipisci, adeptus sum - to obtain, get

adhaereo, adhaerere, adhaesi - to cling to, to stick to

comperio, comperire, comperi, compertus - to find out; to discover 

concedo, concedere - to withdraw; to yield, to grant 

cōnsistō, cōnsistere, cōnstitī, — [sistō, stand], take a stand or position, keep one’s position, stand, form (when soldiers make a formation); stop, halt, remain, stay; (of ships) lie at anchor; consist in, depend or rest on. 

cōnstō, -stāre, -stitī, -stātum [stō, stand], stand firm; depend on; be complete; cost; constat (impersonal)  it is agreed, certain, evident, or known. 

cōnstituō, -stituere, -stituī, -stitūtum [statuō] set up], set up, erect, construct, appoint, decide, decree, determine, establish, set, settle; (of troops) draw up (in formation); (of ships) anchor, station; raise (a legion). 

cōnsuēscō, -suēscere, -suēvī, -suētum [suēscō, become used to], become accustomed or used to; perf. be accustomed; cōnsuētus, perf. part. as adj.: accustomed, usual.  

concīdō, conīidere, concīdī, concīsus - to cut down 

constipo (1) to crowd together in, to stuff

confido, confidere, confisus sum (semi-deponent) - to trust, to rely on + dat.

conficiō, conficere, confēcī, confectus - to exhaust; to finish off, to complete

insto, instare, institi - press on, take position 

irrumpo, irrumpere, irrupi, irruptus, a, um - burst in 

ligo (1) to tie, bind (ligament) 

legō, legere, lēgī, lectus - to pick, to choose; to read

moror, morari, moratus sum - to delay, linger

morior, mori, mortuus sum - to die

nascor, nasci, natus sum - to be born (neonatal)

nanciscor, nancisci, nanctus sum - to obtain

nitor, niti, nixus or nisus sum - to rely on (+abl. case); to struggle to + infinitive 

noceo, nocere, nocui, nocitus - to harm + dative case [often used impersonally  in Caesar: ipsi Titurio nihil nocitum iri = "that no harm will be done to Titurius himself"]

oppugnō (1) to attack 

obsideō, obsidēre, obsēdī, obsessus - to besiege, to blockade (obsession) 

oportet, oportēre, oportui (impersonal verb) - it is proper, it is fitting + subjective acc. + infinitive or ut + subjunctive - noun clause

patior, patī, passus sum - to suffer, to endure; to allow (passive, patient)

pateō, patēre, patuī - to be open, to lie open (intransitive verb)

paenitet, paenitēre, paenituit (impersonal verb) - it causes one (in genitive) to regret something (in accusative) or may generate indirect statement. 

procedo, procedere, processi, processum - to proceed, to advance 

prodo, prodere, prodidi, proditus - to bring fourth; betray 

progredior, progredi, progessus sum - to advance 

subvenio, subvenire, subveni - come up to; aid, relieve 

sumo, sumere, sumpsi, sumptus - to take; to take up; spend 

tollo, tollere, sustuli, sublatus - raise; destroy 

soleo, solere, solitus sum - to be accustomed to + infinitive 

versor (1) to be engaged, move about; to live 

vereor, vereri, veritus sum -to fear, be afraid

adventus, -ūs (m) arrival (advent)

aedes, aedis (f) building; temple 

aetas, aetatis (f) age, time of life

aestās, aestātis (f) summer

auctoritas, auctoritatis (f) influence, clout

beneficium, -ii (n) kindness, favour, benefit 

caedes, caedis (f) murder, slaughter, killing (cadere)

casus, -ūs (m) chance; misfortune, disaster 

certamen, certaminis (n) contest, conflict

cor, cordis (n) heart (discord, concord)

epistula, -ae (f) letter, missive

facinus, facinoris (n) deed; bad deed; crime 

fama, -ae (f) rumour, story, hearsay 

fas (n. indeclinable) right or just according to divine law (opposite is nefas). 

gratia, -ae (f) influence, favour; thanks

iniuria, -ae (f) wrong, injury, injustice 

ius, iuris (n) justice, law, right

līberī, - ōrum (m) children 

moles, molis (f) a mass, a weight 

morbus, -ī (m) disease, sickness, illness

poena, -ae (f) punishment 

nutus, -ūs (m) a nod

numen, numinis (f) divine spirit; divinity 

obsidio, obsidionis (f) siege, blockade 

ratio, rationis (f) - a reckoning , account, consideration, calculation; 'rationem ducere', [to compute]; [any transaction, affair, business; a reason, motive, ground; a plan, scheme, system; reasonableness, method, order; a theory, doctrine, science; the reasoning faculty].

scutum, -ī (n) shield 

turris, -is (f) tower (Italian torre)   

vagina, -ae (f) sheath, scabbard 

vallum, -ī (n) rampart, wall 

acer, acris, acre - sharp; fierce; bitter; eager (acrid) 

asper, aspera, asperum - rough, harsh, violent

confertus, a, um - crowded together 

creber, crebra, crebrum - crowded, frequent

cupidus, a, um - desirous, eager 

immanis, immane enormous, immense 

inferus, a, um - below, lower 

impeditus, a, um-  hindered, impeded 

impius, a, um - impious, unholy 

incolumis, incolume [uninjured , safe and sound]

quidam, quaedam, quoddam (indefinite adj.)  a certain 

repentinus, a, um - sudden

turpis, turpe- ugly, shameful, disgusting (turpitude) 

uter, utra, utrum - which of two? 

vivus, a, um - living, alive 

admodum (adv.) completely, just about

aut...aut (conjunctions) either...or 

bis (adv.) twice 

deinceps (adv.) one after another, successively 

intus (adv.) within 

intra (prep.+ acc.) within, among 

confestim (adv.) immediately 

ne...quidem = not even

neve - or not, and not, nor 

nōndum (adv.) not yet

pridie (adv.) on the day before, on the previous day. 

quidem (postpositive) - infact, indeed

quoque - and also, also 

rursus (adv.) again, back 

sicut - just as, so as 

extra (prep. + acc.) outside, beyond, outside of

Phrases or Idioms:

Res est testimonio - “the matter is for (the purpose of) evidence”

de summis rebus - “concerning the most serious circumstances”

in ipso negotio: 'in the midst of action'.

ad hunc modum - in this manner

in perpetuum - forever 

se receperunt - they retreated

longe lateque - far and wide

eodem die - on the same day 

subductis navibus - ships drawn up 

magna manu - with a large group of men 

List Three - Caesar, De Bello Gallico

Be able to decline:  hoc opus &  eadem fides

Expect verb game on the back for repello or pario

item (adv.) likewise, besides, also, further, moreover, too, as well

iterum (adv.) again, a second time

iter, itineris (n) journey, route; march

maximē (superlative adv. ) especially

cunctor (1) to delay, to hesitate

freno, frenare - to bridle, to restrain

prope (prep. + acc. ) near (propinquity)

propter (prep. + acc. ) on account of, because of

parco, parcere, peperci (+ dative) to spare

infandus, a, um - unspeakable

oro, orare - to plead, to beseech, to pray, to beg (oration, orant)

adipiscor, adipisci, adeptus sum - get, obtain, reach 

ardeo, ardere, arsi, arsus - to burn; to be eager 

cado, cadere, cecidi, casus - to fall 

cedo, cedere, cessi, cessus - to yield (+ dative) to move, to withdraw 

cingo, cingere, cinxi, cinctus - to surround 

coepi, coepisse, coeptum - to begin (defective verb) 

concito (1) to incite, stir, impel 

confiteor, confiteri, confessus sum - to admit, to reveal 

confido, confidere, confisus sum - to trust, believe (semi-deponent) 

conspicio, conspicere, conspexi, conspectus - to see, to behold 

consulo, consulere, consului, consultus - to consult, to consider

compleo, complere, complevi, completus - to fill 

debeo, debere, debui, debitus - to owe; ought

despero (1) to give up, to have not hope

disco, discere, didici - to learn, get to know 

excito (1) excite, inspire; raise 

excedo, excedere, excessi, excessus - to go out

impetro (1) to obtain, accomplish 

interpono, interponere, interposui - to introduce 

labor, labi, lapsus sum - to slipe, glide 

minuo, minuere, minui - to diminish 

munio, (4) to fortify 

nanciscor, nancisci, nactus sum - to obtain, meet

nascor, nasci, natus sum - to be born 

nosco, noscere, novi, notus - to recognize; know, learn  

nego (1) to deny, to say ...not 

nitor, niti, nisus sum - to lean on; to rely on 

paro (1) to prepare (semper paratus)

pareo, parere, parui - to obey + dative

pario, parere, peperi, partus - to produce, bear 

pendeo, pendere, pependi, pensus - pay, weigh, to hang 

polliceor, polliceri, pollicitus sum - to promise, offer

probo (1) to approve, demonstrate

repello, repellere, repuli, repulsus - drive back, repulse 

tollo, tollere, subtuli, sublatus - raise; to destroy 

vereor, vereri, veritus sum - to be afraid, fear

ulciscor, ulcisci, ultus sum - to avenge, take vengeance 

aditus, -us (m) approach, entrance 

auctoritas, auctoritatis (f) influence, clout 

casus, -us (m) misfortune, change

centurio, centurionis (m) centurion 

circuitus, -us (m) circumference, circuit 

contumelia, -ae (f) insult, outrage; violence 

fames, famis (f) hunger

fama, -ae (f) story, rumor; reputation 

familiaris, -e- of the family; close friend 

fides, fidei (f) faith, honor, trust 

fletus, -us (m) weeping 

hiems, hiemis (f) winter

hiberna, -orum (n. Pl.) winter-camp

inopia, -ae (f) poverty, want, need

ignis, -is (m) fire 

meritum, -i (n) service, favour

mos, moris (m) custom, habit, manner (mos maiorum, mores)

negotium, -ii (n) business, a task 

officium, -ii (n) duty 

opus, operis (n) work, toil; defenses 

opera, -ae (f) effort, attention 

ops, opis (f) power, resources, influence

praesidium, -ii (n) guard, protection 

pietas, pietatis (f) devotion/loyalty to family, state/nations and gods

ratio, rationis (f) an accounting, reasoning 

scala, -ae (f) ladder, stairs 

sententia, -ae (f) opinion, purpose 

sermo, sermonis (m) conversation, speech 

studium, -ii (n) eagerness, zeal 

stipendium, -i (n) pay; military service 

voluntas, voluntatis (f) wish, will, choice 

vulgus, -i (n) mass, mob

aeger, aegra, aegrum - sick, weak 

alacer, alacris, alacere - eager, spirited 

amplus, a, um - ample, full, spacious 

confertus, a, um - crowded together 

humilis, humile- on the ground; humble, low

incommodus, a, um - unfortunate, disastrous 

incolumis, incolume- uninjured, safe

indignus, a, um + ablative= unworthy, undeserving 

idoneus, a, um - suitable, appropriate + dative case

levis, leve - light (opposite of gravis, -e)

par, paris - equal, similar + dative

repentinus, a, um - sudden, unexpected 

saucius, a, -um - wounded 

adeo, (adv.) to such an extent 

apud + acc. = in the presence of, with, among

casū (adv.) by chance

confestim (adv.) immediately 

eiusmodi - of this kind, of such a kind, so 

intra + acc.   = within 

inter + acc= between, among 

procul (adv.) far off, at a distance

quotiens - as often as

quoniam - since 

nondum (adv.) not yet

paene (adv.) almost 

rursus (adv.) again, backward

sive…sive or seu…seu - whether, or 

tametsi - even if, although 

unde - whence, from where

vero (postpositive)  in fact

List Two for Caesar - Mostly Martial Words

Be able to decline:   eadem magna aciēs           haec fortis manus       illa tota pars 

attingo, attingere, attigī, attāctus - to touch against; touch, reach, arrive at, border (ad + tango)

accēdō, accēdere, acccessī, accessum (ad + cēdō - to go) - approach, come near to, arrive at, come to; to be added. 

accidō, accidere, accidī, ——- (ad + cadō - to fall) - fall to or upon; befall; happen, fall to the lot of, occur. 

animadvertō, animadvertere, animadvertī, animadversum -  turn mind to, notice

cogō, cogere, coēgī, coactus - bring together; to compel 

conspicio, conspire, conspexī, conspectus -  to look at attentively, to get sight of, to descry, perceive

conici, conicere, conieci, coniectus - to hurl, to throw

consuescō, consuescere, consuēvī, consuētus - to be accustomed (to) + infinitive

cognosco, cognoscere, cognovi, cognotus - to learn, come to know (in the perfect = know). 

contendō, contendere, contendī, contentus - to struggle, vie, fight 

dedo, dedere, dedidi, deditus - to give up, surrender 

desum, deesse, defuī - to be lacking; to fail + dative case

expugnō (1) to take by storm, capture

existimō (1) to judge, consider, think 

efficiō, efficere, effēcī, effectus - to do, effect(often used impersonally + ut + subjunctive = “it happened that.....”

gerō, gerere, gessī, gestum - to wage, conduct, accomplish; wear

incolō, incolere - to dwell, to inhabit  

incito (1) to drive forward, incite 

excitō (1) to excite 

mūniō (4) to fortify 

nanciscor, nanciscī, nactus sum - to find, to obtain

nascor, nascī, natus sum - to be born 

patior, patī, passus sum - to suffer, to endure, to allow

potior, potiri, potitus sum + ABL or GEN.  = to gain possession or control of 

probō (1) to approve, to commend, to prove, to approve, to put to the test

praecēdo, praecēdere, praecessī, praecessus - to go before, excel 

procēdō, procēdere, processī, processus - to advance, go forward 

proficiscor, proficiscī, profectus sum - to set out  

subveniō, subvenīre, subvēnī, subventum - to come to the aid of + dative

aciēs, aciēī (f) battle line; battle; edge, line of sight 

agmen, agminis (n) marching line, column (novissimum agmen = rear of theline)

auxilium, auxiliī (n) help 

castra, castrōrum (n) camp

cohors, cohortis (f) cohort

cornū, cornūs (n) wing (of an army); horn 

copiae, copiārum (f) troops, forces

equites, equitum (m. pl.) cavalry

equitātus, equitātūs (m) cavalry 

eruptiō, eruptiōnis (f) a breaking out

exercitus, exercitūs (m) army

fossa, fossae (f) ditch 

frumentum, frumentī (n) grain, (in plural = crops)

impedimentum, impedimentī (n) impediment, obstacle, (in plural = baggage train)

impetus, impetūs (m) attack (impetuous) 

latus, lateris (n) side; flank

legātus, legātī (m) envoy; lieutenant general

legiō, legiōnis (f) legion (3600-6000 milites) 

manus, manūs (f) hand; band or group of soldiers

mīles, mīlitis (m) soldier

munitiō, munitiōnis (f) fortification 

mūrus, mūrī (m) wall 

obsidiō, obsidiōnis (f) siege, blockade 

pars, partis (f) part, side; direction 

passus, passūs (m) step, pace

pīlum, pīlī (n) javelin, spear  

praesidium, praesidiī (n) guard

proelium, proeliī (n)  battle

profectiō, profectiōnis (f) departure, setting out 

salūs, salūtis (f) safety, salvation 

scutum, scutī (n) shield 

subsidium, subsidiī (n) help, reinforcement, support

tēlum, tēlī  (n) weapon; spear 

turris, turris (turrim and turrium) (f) tower

ūsus, ūsūs (m) use (of used as a dative of purpose by Caesar)

vigilia, -ae (f) watch (military)

vallum, vallī (n) rampart; wall (interval) 

virtūs, virtūtis (f) courage, valour 

ācer, ācris, ācre - fierce, harsh

expeditus, a, um - unimpeded, lightly armed 

fortis, forte (adj.) brave, strong

parātus, a, um - prepared

reliquus, a, um - remaining, the rest

tardus, a, um - slow

aliquis, aliquid - someone, something

quīcumque, quaecumque, quodcumque (indef. rel. pron.) - whoever, whatever; whosoever, whatsoever

quisque, quidque (indefinite pron.) - each one, each thing, each 

apud (prep. + acc.) near, among, in the presence of 

nē...quidem = not even (surrounds the word that it emphasizes) 

omnīnō (adv. from omnis, omne) altogether, wholly, entirely, utterly, at all

nuper (adv.) recently

qua (relative) where

quīn = that + subjunctive

ferē (adv.) nearly, almost

praeterea (adv.) besides, moreover

procul (adv.) at a distance, far away

prope (adv.) near

propterea quod - because, on account of the fact that

Phrases or Idioms:

Res est testimoniō - “the matter is for (the purpose of) evidence”

capere consilium  - to adopt plan 

dē summīs rebus - “concerning the most serious circumstances”

in ipsō negotiō: 'in the midst of action'.

ad hunc modum - in this manner

in perpetuum - forever 

sē recēpērunt - they retreated

longē latēque - far and wide

eōdem diē - on the same day 

subductīs navibus - ships drawn up 

magnā manū - with a large group of men 

summō locō - in the highest position

milia passuum = a Roman mile 

numerō hostium habēre - to consider as an enemy

Beginning of Book VI

Acheron, Acherontis (m) River of Hades

Lacus Avernus - Lake near Cumae and entrance to Underworlld

Charon, Charontis (m) Charon, ferryman of souls across the river Styx 

Cocytus, -i (m) river in the underworld 

Dis, Ditis (m) Pluto, Hades, god of underworld 

Hecate - Infernal version of Diana

Proserpina, -ae (f) Peresphone, Kore 

Iris, Iridis (f) Iris, messenger of Juno and goddess of the rainbow

abluō, abluere, ablui, ablutus - to wash (ablution) 

adnitor, adnitī, adnisus sum - to lean on; to struggle 

aestuō (1) boil, seethe, rage (aestus, -ūs = heat, boiling; tide) 

arceō, acrēre, arcuī - to keep off, defend (arx, arcis f.)

bacchor (1) to rave, rush wildly (what are Bacchantes/Maenades?)

cadō, cadere, cecidī, casus - to fall 

concutiō, concutere, concussī, concussus - to shake, shatter

consuescō, consuescere, consuevī, consuetus - to be accustomed (to)+ infinitive

cognosco, cognoscere, cognovi, cognotus - to learn, come to know (in the perfect = know). 

deficiō, deficere, defēcī, defectus - to fail, faint (deficient, defective) 

defungor, defungi, defunctus, a, um - to perform, to finish + ablative case (defunct) 

desum, deesse, defuī - to be lacking; to fail + dative case

efficiō, efficere, effēcī, effectus - to do, effect (often used impersonally + ut + subjunctive = “it happened that…..” + noun clause

foveō, fovere, fovī - to keep warm, cherish, to caress lovingly  

fremō, fremere - roar, grown 

iaceō, iacere, iacuī - to lie (adjacent) 

iuvō, iuvāre, iuvi, iutus - to please, to help (often used impersonally) 

haereo, haerēre, haesī, haesum - to cling (inherent) 

haurio, haurire, hausī, haustus - to drain, drink in 

glomerō (1) to gather, to collect (conglomerate) 

gignō, gignere, genuī, genitus - to birth, give birth to (genitor = pater; Venus Genetrix) 

mandō (1) to entrust; to order (mandate) 

mānō, mānāre mānāvī, mānātus - to drip, to ooze forth distill, trickle, drop, to flow.

maturō (1) to hasten + complementary infinitive

meditor meditārī, meditātus sum - to ponder; plan; contemplate 

misereor, miserērī + genitive case = to pity

miseror, miserārī, miserātus sum - to pity

nasciscor, nasciscī, nactus sum - to find, to obtain 

orō (1) to plead, to beg, to beseech, to pray (+ double accusative) 

piget, pigere, piguit (impersonal verb + acc. + inf.) it displeases, its causes regret 

praetexō, praetexere praetexuī, praetextus - to weave in front; to fringe;  conceal (pretext) 

properō (1) to hurry, to hasten 

potior, potīrī, potītus sum (+ abl. or gen.) to take possession of, to gain control of 

queror, querī, questus sum - to complain 

recēdo, recēdere, recessī, recussus - to back, retreat (recede, recession) 

secō, secare, secui, sectus - to cut, cleave, slice (secant, section, dissect)

solvō, solvere, solvī, solūtus - to free, loosen, set free; to set sail (absolve, solvent, solution) 

spargō, spargere, sparsī, sparsus - to scatter, sprinkled 

spernō, spernere, sprevi, spretus - scorn, reject

sumō, sumere, sumpsī, sumptus - to take up (assume, consume, sumptuary) 

surgō, surgere, surrēxī, surrēctus - to rise (insurrection, surge)  

vereor, verērī, veritus sum - to fear, be afraid of

verro, verrere, verri, versus - to sweep (over) 

aether, aetheris (m) upper air; heaven 

amnis, amnis (m) river 

amictus, amictūs (m) cloak, robe 

calor, caloris (m) heat, warmth

canitiēs, canitiēī (f) whiteness

casus, -ūs (m) chance, misfortune, disaster 

casū (adv.) by change, accidentally 

comes, comitis (m/f) companion 

consilium, consiliī (n) plan, counsel, advice, strategy

copia, copiae (f) abundance; troops, forces; supplies

culmen, culminis (n) top, summit

crinis, crinis (m) hair

folium, foliī (n) leaf 

gemitus, gemitūs (m) roar, groan, lament

harena, harenae (f) sand, beach 

halitus, halitūs (m) breath (halitosis) 

heros, herois (m) hero, great warrior

lacus, lacūs (m) lake

mentum, mentī (n) chin

mēns, mentis (f) mind; thought, intension 

mōs, mōris (m) custom, manner

mors, mortis (f) death 

mūnus, mūneris (n) gift; games; duty (munificent) 

monitus, -ūs (m) warning, admonition 

orgia, -ōrum (n. pl.) secret rites, mysteries 

otium, otiī (n) leisure, time of leisure 

ōmen, ōminis (n) omen

opera, operae (f) effort, attention, service, hard work 

ops, opis (f) power, support ; in plural - resources; wealth, influence

opus, operis (n) work, task; fortification 

palus, paludis (f) swamp, marsh 

planta, plantae (f) sole of foot; foot

ramus, ramī (m) brach of a tree

remus, remī (m) oar of ship

rota, rotae (f) wheel 

ripa, ripae (f) bank (of a river) 

rogus, rogī (m) funeral pyre (Cicero wrote Dē Senectūte)

senectūs, senectūtis (f) old age 

sinus, sinūs (m) fold, boson, bay, hollow, indentation 

sors, sortis (f) lot, chance, lot 

spatium, spatiī (n) space, interval of time

sīdus, sīderis (n) star 

solum, solī (n) ground, soil 

sors, sortis (f) lot, fortune, fate, chance 

species, speciei (f) appearance 

spons, spontis (f) will, volition 

tectum, tectī (n) building, palace; shelter; roof 

torus, torī (m) couch, bed

usus, usūs (m) use, need, purpose (usui is a common dative of purpose)

tumultus, tumultūs (m) tumult, uprising, clamor 

vadum, vadī (n) shallow, shoal 

angustus, a, um - narrow

amplus, a, um - ample, full, spacious 

crudus, a, um - raw, fresh; bloody 

expeditus, a, um - fast, unimpeded

exsanguis, exsangue - bloodless, lifeless, pale 

examinis, examine - breathless, 

extrēmus, a, um - final, last, extreme (in extrēmīs)

impertius, a, um - unskilled + gen. case

incolumis, incolume - unharmed, safe 

incultus, a, um - wild, unkempt 

iniquus, a, um - unfair, unjust, hostile (in+ aequus, a, um)

inhumatus, a, um - unburied (inhumation)

inops, inopis (adj.) needy, destitute, bereft of

lividus, a, um - blue, dark (livid) 

sordidus, a, um - dirty, squalid 

trepidus, a, um - agitated, trembling

aliter (adv.) otherwise

non aliter quam - not otherwise than, just as (introduces a simile)

demum (adv.) at length, finally

iuxta + acc. case = next to , close to (juxtaposition) 

inde (adv.) thence, thereupon, afterward 

unde (adv.) from where, whence

quia (subordinating conj.) - because

saltem (adv.) at least 

totiens - so often

totidem - the same number

ūnā (adv.) together, at the same time

vix (adv.) scarcely, hardly, barely 

Vocabulary List for Aeneid, Book I (middle section)

a(d)spiciō, -spicere, -spexī, -spectus - to see, behold, look at 

amplector, amplectī, amplexus sum - to embrace (amplexus)

attollō, attollere - to raise up, to lift

avehō, avehere, avexī, avectus (ab + veho) to carry away, convey

careō, carēre, carui + ablative.  - to lack, be free from

condō, condere, condidī, conditus - to bury; to found, to establish

dignor, dignari, dignatus sum + abl.   - to deem worthy

for, farī, fātus sum - to speak 

excutiō, excutere, excussī, excussus - to shake off, to shake out

frangō, frangere, frēgī, fractus - to break

flectō, flectere, flexī, flectus - to bend, change course, to turn 

fugleō, fulgēre - to shine, to flash 

hauriō, haurīre, hausī, haustus - to drain, to drink in

haereō, haereō, haesī, haesum - to cling, to stick, to get stuck (inherent) 

immĭnĕo, immĭnēre (+ dative) to project over or towards a thing, to bend or lean towards; to threaten (imminent) 

incēdo, incēdere, incessī, incessus - to go forth, stride, walk majestically 

incumbō, incumbere, incubuī + dative - to lean upon, hang over

includō, inculdere, inclusī, inclusus - to enclose, confine 

instō, instāre - to stand against; to press on, urge + dative

iuvō, iuvāre, iuvī - to please, to help (often used impersonally)

lambō, lambere - to lick (lambent)  Natīnus rānās lambit

lateō, latēre, latuī - to hide, to lurk (latent) 

ligō (1) to bind, fasten (ligament) 

legō, legere, lēgī, lectus - to pick, to choose (election) 

mīror, mīrārī, mīrātus sum - to wonder, to marvel at 

monstrō (1) to show (demonstrative) 

mōlior, mōlīrī - to heap up, to construct (mōlēs, mōlis f.)

mactō (1) slaughter 

occidō, occidere, occidī, occasus (ob + cadere) - to fall, to perish (occidental) 

occultō (1) to hide (occult) 

orō, orāre (1) to beg, to pledge, implore (+ acc. of person and acc.of thing)

potior, potīrī, potitus sum + genitive or ablative - to gain possession of

pariō, parere, peperī, partus - to give birth, to produce (distinguish from parō and pareō) (postpartum) 

sinuō (1) fold, curve, twist (insinuate) (sinus, sinūs m.)

statuō, statuere, statuī, statutus - to establish, to set up 

sistō, sistere, stetī, status - to stand, to stop, to stay

sternō, sternere, strāvī, strātus - to lay low; spread; strew; to kill  

suscitō (1) to stir, to arouse (note also incite and excite from cito) 

superō (1) to surmount, overcome

tegō, tegere, tēxī, tectus - to cover (papyrus saxum tegit).

tangō, tangere, tetigī, tactus - to touch (Nōlī mē tangere, Maria)

tueor, tuērī, tūtus sum - to watch over; protect (tutor, tuition) 

ulcisor, ulciscī, ultus sum - to avenge   (Temple of Mars Ultor) 

volvō, volvere, volvī, volūtus - to move in a curved course; to roll; to unroll; to undergo (volume, volute, revolution) 

aether, aetheris (m) upper air; heavens

āla, ālae (f) wing (of an avis)

amnis, amnis (m) river 

anguis, anguis (m) snake

artus, artūs (m) limb, joint, body

arx, arcis (f) citadel 

caterva, catervae (f) crowd, band

causa, causae (f) cause, reason 

casus, casūs (m) misfortune, chance

cura, curae (f) care, anxiety

collum, colli (n) neck (collar) 

collis, collis (m) hill 

conubium,conubiī (n) marriage

culpa, culpae (f) fault, offense, blame (mea cupla, culpable) 

culmen, culminis (n) peak, summit, top; acme (culminate) 

custōs, custōdis (m) guard (custodial, custody) 

dolus, dolī (m) trick, fraud, deceit 

dolor, doloris (m) grief; angry; pain (dolor) 

ensis, ensis (m) sword; knife

error, erroris (m) error; trick, deceit; a wandering

faciēs, faciēī (f) face; appearance (facade)

fragor, fragoris (m) a crashing, crashing noise

gemitus, gemitūs (m) groan, wailing 

latus, lateris (n) side, flank (lateral) 

letum, letī (n) death 

lignum, lignī (n) wood

nepōs, nepōtis (m) descendent (nepotism) 

pulvis, pulveris (m) dust 

pelagus, pelagī (m) sea

quisquis, quidquid (indef. pronoun) whoever, whatever

robur, roburis (m) oak; strength 

rota, rotae (f) wheel 

sermō, sermōnis (m) speech, conversation 

solum, solī (n) ground, soil, earth 

sors, sortis (f) lot, chance; fate, destiny 

uterus, uterō (m) womb, uterus; belly (in uterō vs. in vitrō)

uterque, utraque, utrumque - each of two; both 

vulgus, vulgī (n) common crowd; mob (vulgar, vulgate) 

vitta, vittae (f) garland, fillet 

conscius, a, um - aware, privy to 

defessus, a, um - weary; exhausted 

extrēmus, a, um- final, last, furthest (in extrēmis) 

incolumis, incolume - safe, unharmed, uninjured 

invīsus, a, um - hated; hateful 

laevus, a, um - left; foolish; stupid; ill-omened 

fetus, a, um - teeming with, pregnant with + ablative case 

foedus, a, um - foul, disgusting, filthy (foedus foedum = a foul treaty) 

furtivus, a, um - stolen, secret (furtive) 

memor, memoris (+ genitive) mindful of 

pernix, pernicis (adj.) nimble, brisk, active, agile, quick, swift, fleet (pernicious) 

secundus, a, um - following, favorable, second  

tālis, tāle - such (tālia verba = such words; tālī voce = with such a voice)

tenax, tenacis (adj.) holding (tenacity) 

tūtus, a, um - safe

umidus, a, um - damp, dewy, wet (humid) 

enim (adv.)  for, indeed, truly 

exemplō (adv.) straight away

denique (adv.) finally, at last 

nusquam (adv.) nowhere; never

pariter (adv.) equally, alike 

passim (adv.) everywhere, here and there 

procul (adv.) at or from a distance 

quondam (adv.) once, formerly 

totidem - the same number; so many

totiēns - so often

Vocabulary List for Aeneid, Book I (First List) 

Be able to decline:  haec sola vis or quoddam infelix mare or idem fortis vir

Acestes, -ae (m) king of Sicily 

Aeolus, -i (m) Aeolus, King of Wind ( from Homer's Odyssey)

Dardanus, a, um = Trojan, of Dardanus, legendary king of Troy 

Latona, -ae (f) Leto, mother of Apollo and Diana

Ilium, Ilii (n) Illium = Trot as in Iliad = story of Ilium or Ilioupersis, destruction of Troy

Iulus, -i (m) son of Aeneas AKA Ascanius, hence the Gens Iulii.  

Poeni, -orum (m. pl.) Carthaginians, Phoenicians 

Teurcri- orum (m. p.) descendant of Teucer (Who the hell is Teucer?)

Tyrius, a, um - Tyrian or of Tyre, a Phoenician city in the Levant 

Hesperia, -ae (f) land in the west

Saturnius, a, um - of Saturn; Saturnia = Juno

accendo, accendere, accendi, accensus - to inflame; enrage 

adeo, adire, adiī, aditus - to approach, encounter 

amplector, amplectī, amplexus sum - to embrace (amplexus)

ardeo, ardere, arsi, arsus - to burn; be eager

arceo, arcere, arcui - keep off, defend, restrain 

adsurgo, adsurgere, adsurrexi, adsurrectus - to rise up, to stand up 

aspicio, aspicere, aspexi, aspectus - to look at, behold, look upon 

desisto, desistere, destiti - to leave off, desist 

cieo, ciere, civi, citus - rouse, stir 

cano, canere, cecinī, cantus - to sing

cerno, cernere, crevi, cretus - to discern, perceive 

doleo, dolere, dolui - to suffer, grieve, resent 

eripio, eripere, eripui, ereptus - to snatch away

for, fari, fatus sum - to speak

foveo, fovere, fovi - to cherish, fondle 

fundo, fundere, fudi, fusus - to pour 

furo, furere - to rage, rave, be frantic 

defigo, defigere, defixi, defixus - fix, to fasten 

haereo, haereo, haesi, haesum - to cling, to stick, to get stuck; be embarrassed

incedo, incedere, incessi, incessus - to go forth, stride, walk majestically 

insto, instare - to press on + dative

mollio (4) to soften

parco, parcere, peperci + dative = to spare, pardon 

populo (1) to devastate, 

stupeo, stupere, stupui - to stand fixed, to be dazed 

sumo, sumere, sumpsi, sumptus - take, use up, consume (alsoadsumo) 

surgo, surgere, surrexi, surrectus - to rise up, to stand up 

solvo, solvere, solvi, solutus - to loosen, set free; bring an end to 

veho, vehere, vexi, vectus - to convey, carry 

veto, vetere, vetui - to forbid, prevent

voluto (1) to roll over and over and over and over and over....

aequor, aequoris (n) sea, level surface of the sea 

aes, aeris (n) bronze

anima, -ae (f) soul, spirit, ghost [breath , wind, air]. Transf., [the breath of life, vital principle, soul]; 'animam edere', [to give up the ghost]; poet., [life-blood]; meton., [a living being]; sometimes = animus, [rational soul].

animus, -i (m) [the spiritual or rational principle of life in man]. More specifically: (1) [the seat of feeling , the heart]; 'animi causa', [for pleasure]; loc. (or genit.) 'animi', [at heart]. (2) [character, disposition]; as a trait of character (esp. in plur.) [courage, spirit, vivacity]; also [pride, arrogance]. (3) [the seat of the will, intention]: 'habeo in animo', [I am resolved]. (4) [the seat of thought, intellect, mind, memory, consciousness].

antrum, -i (n) cave

arx, arcis (f) citadel ara, ae (f) altar

arvum, -i (n) field 

aura, -ae (f) breeze, air

aurum, -i (n) gold

auris, -is (f) ears         

aura, -ae (f) breeze 

caterva, -ae (f) crowd

caecus, a, um - blind

clarus, a, um - clear, bright; distinguished, noble 

cura, curae (f) care, worry, anxiety (sinecure) 

discrimen, discriminis (n) a dividing line; critical moment; crisis; hardship

excidium, excidiī (n) destruction

foedus, foederis (n) treaty, contract (federal)

foris, -is (f) door, gate 

harena, -ae (f) sand (arena)

inceptum,  -i (n) beginning, undertaking

iuvenis, -is (m) youth 

ius, iuris (n) law

mare, maris (n) sea

moles, molis (f) a mass; undertaking, burden 

mos, moris (m) custom 

metus, -us (m) fear

officium, -ii (n) duty, kindness, favour, service 

opus, operis (n) work, labour, task 

ops, ops (f) power, influence; resources, wealth

ora, -ae (f) shore

praeda, -ae (f) booty 

porta, -ae (f) gate

progenies, progeniei (f) offspring 

pelagus, -i (n) sea

pectus, pectoris (n) chest; heart; soul 

ramus, -i (m) branch 

remus, -i (m) oar

relinquiae, ārum (fem. pl.) the leavings, remnants

sidus, sideris (n) star

sors, sortis (f) lot, chance; fate 

turbo, turbinis (m) storm; whirlwind 

vis, vis (f) force; in plural = strength 

acutus, a, um - sharp 

aetherius, a, um- of the upper air, ethereal 

ater, atra, atrum - black 

avidus, a, um - eager 

barbarus, a, um - foreign, strange, uncivilized 

crudelis, crudele- cruel, bloody 

cunctus, a, um - all 

infelix, infelicis - unhappy, ill-fated, barren 

laetus, a, um - happy 

memor, memoris (adj.) mindful, remembering + genitive 

potens, potentis (adj.) powerful, ruling over + genitive 

subnixus, a, um + abl.   resting on (from nitor, niti) 

tutus, a, um - safe

at, ast (adversative conj.) 

adhuc (adv.) to his point, till now

coram (adv.) openly, publicly, face to face

equidem - truly, indeed, certainly 

pariter (adv.) equally 

praeterea (adv.) here after, besides

quippe (adv.) of course, certain (tone?)

seu...seu (sive...sive)  - whether...or

Beginning of book II Vocabulary List Aeneid Vergil 

a(d)spicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spectus - to see, behold, look at 

amplector, amplectī, amplexus sum - to embrace (amplexus)

attollo, attollere - raise up, lift

aveho, avehere, avexi, avectus - to carry away, convey

careo, carere, carui + abl.  - to lack, be free from

dignor, dignari, dignatus sum + abl.   - to deem worthy

everto, evertere, eversi, eversus - to over turn; destroy 

for, farī, fatus sum - to speak 

excutio, excutere, excussī, excussus - to shake off

fugleo, fulgere - to shine, flash 

haurio, haurire, hausi, haustum - to drain, to drink in

haereo, haereo, haesi, haesum - to cling, to stick, to get stuck; be embarrassed

incedo, incedere, incessi, incessus - to go forth, stride, walk majestically 

incumbo, incumbere, incubui + dative - to lean upon, hand over

includo, inculdere, inclusi, inclusus - to enclose, confine 

insto, instare - to press on, urge + dative

iuvo, iuvare, iuvi - to please, to help (often used impersonally)

lambo (1) to lick 

lateo, latere, latui - to hide, to lurk (latent) 

ligo (1) to bind, fasten

lego, legere, lēgī, lectus - to pick, to choose 

macto (1) slaughter 

occido, occidere, occidi, occasus - to fall, to perish 

occulto (1) to hide (occult) 

pario, parere, peperi, partus - to give birth, gain, acquire

sinuo (1) fold, curve, twist (insinuate) 

statuo, statuere, statui, statutus - establish, set up 

sisto, sistere, steti, status - stand, stop, stay

sterno, sternere, stravi, stratus - to lay low; spread; strew 

suscito (1) to stir, to arouse

supero (1) to surmount, overcome

tegō, tegere, tēxī, tectus - to cover

tango, tangere, tetigi, tactus (papyrus saxum tangit).

tueor, tueri, tutus sum - to watch over; protect

ulcisor, ulcisci, ultus sum - to avenge   (Temple of Mars Ultor) 

aether, eris (m) upper air; heavens

ala, -ae (f) wing

amnis, -is (m) river 

anguis, -is (m) snake

artus, artūs (m) limb, joint, body

arx, arcis (f) citadel 

caterva, -ae (f) crowd, band

collum, -i (n) neck

collis, collis (m) hill 

conubium, -ii (n) marriage

culpa, -ae (f) fault, offense, blame

culmen, culminis (n) peak, summit, top; acme 

custos, custodis (m) guard 

dolus, -i (m) trick, fraud, deciet

dolor, doloris (m) grief; angry; pain 

ensis, -is (m) sword; knife

error, erroris (m) error; trick, deceit; a wandering

facies, faciei (m) face; appearance 

fictum, -i (n) falsehood

fragor, fragoris (m) a crashing, crashing noise

insania, -ae (f) madness, frenzy

gemitus, -ūs (m) groan, wailing 

latus, lateris (n) side, flank 

letum, -i (n) death

lignum, -i (n) wood

nepos, nepotis (m) descendent 

pulvis, pulveris (m) dust 

quisquis, quidquid (indef. pronoun) whoever, whatever

robur, roburis (m) oak; strength 

rota, -ae (f) wheel 

sermo, sermonis (m) speech, conversation 

solum, -i (n) ground, soil, earth 

sors, sortis (f) lot, chance; fate, destiny 

uterus, -i (m) womb, belly

uterque, utraque, utrumque - each, both 

vitta, -ae (f) garland, fillet

conscius, a, um - aware, privy to 

defessus, a, um - weary; exhausted 

extremus, a, um- final, last, furthest 

incolumis, -e - safe, unharmed, uninjured 

invisus, a, um - hated; hateful 

laevus, a, um - left; stupid; ill-omened 

fetus, a, um - teeming with, pregnant with 

foedus, a, um - foul, disgusting, filthy 

furtivus, a, um - stolen, secret

pernix, pernicis (adj.) swift, active 

secundus, a, um - following, favorable 

tenax, tenacis (adj.) holding

tutus, a, um - safe

umidus, a, um - damp, dewy, wet

enim (adv.)  for, indeed, truly 

denique (adv.) finally, at last 

nusquam (adv.) nowhere; never

pariter (adv.) equally, alike 

passim (adv.) everywhere, here and there 

procul (adv.) at or from a distance 

totidem - the same number; so many

totiens - so often

CORE VOCABULARY FOR THE AENEID

ā, ab, abs: (away) from, by (abl.) 25
ac, atque: and, also; as, than, 46
accipiō, -ere, -cēpī, -ceptus: receive, accept; learn, hear, conceive , 7
ad: to, toward, at, near, about (acc.) 29
Aenēās, -ae, acc. ān m.: Aeneas 23
Aeolus, -ī m.: Aeolus, 5
aequor, -oris n.: sea, waves; (level) plain, 11
agmen, -inis n.: army, line, troop; course, 5
agō, -ere, ēgī, āctus: lead, drive, do, treat, pass, conduct, 9

aiō, ais, ait; ajunt: say, speak; assert 7
alius, -a, -ud : other, another, else, 7
altus, -a, -um: (on) high, lofty, deep 28
amor, -ōris m.: love, desire, passion 9
Anchīsēs, -ae, acc. ēn m.: Anchises 8
anima, -ae f.: air, breath, life, soul, shade 5
animus, -ī m.: mind, spirit, courage; anger, pride; purpose, thought 19
annus, -ī m.: year, 5
ante: before (acc.); sooner, previously 10
antrum, -ī n.: cave, 5
aperiō, -īre, -uī, -ertus: open, 5
āra, -ae f.: altar, 8
ardeō, -ēre, arsī, arsus: burn, be eager 8
arma, -ōrum n.: arms, equipment, tools, 18
arx, arcis f.: citadel, fort; height, hill 12
āspiciō, -ere, spexī, spectus: to look at, watch, see, behold 9

at, ast: but, yet, however, at least, 10
āter, ātra, ātrum: black, gloomy, 7
atque, ac: and, also; as, than, 46
aura, -ae f.: breeze, air; favor; light. 6
aut: or; aut...aut: either...or, 31
bellum, -ī n.: warfare, combat, fight 11
caelum, -ī n.: sky, heaven; weather 13
capiō, -ere, -cēpī, captus: take, seize, catch 5
caput, -itis n.: head; summit; life, person, 10
causa, -ae f.: reason, cause; for the sake of (+ gen)
celer, -eris, -ere: swift, quick, 6
circum: around, about, at, near acc.12
clāmor, -ōris m.: shout, roar, 5
classis, -is f.: fleet, army, ship, 8
comes, -itis m/f: comrade, companion 5
condo, condere, condidi, conditus - to bury;  to found, to establish (AUC = Ab Urbe Condita)

conjūnx, -jugis m/f: husband, wife, 6
cor, cordis n.: the heart, 5
corpus, -oris n.: body, corpse, form 11
corripiō, -ere, -uī, -reptus: snatch (up), 6
credō, -ere, -didī: believe, trust 5
crūdēlis, -e: cruel, bloody, 6
cum: with; when, since, although, 23
cūnctus, -a, -um: all, whole, entire, 5
cūra, -ae f.: care, anciety, grief; love, 7
cursus, -ūs m.: course, running; haste 6 

Danaus, -a, -um: Danaan, Greek, 7
dē: from, concerning, according to 10
dea, -ae f.: goddess, 7
dēmittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missum: drop, sink, 5
dēsero, -ere, -ruī: desert, forsake, abandon, 6
deus, -ī m.: god, 19
dexter, -tra, -trum: right (hand) 9
dīcō, -ere, dīxī, dictus: say, speak, tell; dictū (2) 20
dictum, -ī n.: word, speech ?
Dīdō, -ōnis f.: Dido, 11
diēs, diēī m. (f.): day, time, season, 4
dīvus, -a, -um: divine; god(dess), 12
dō, dare, dedī, datum: give; grant, allow, put, 29
dolor, -ōris m.: pain, grief, 6
domus, -ūs f.: house(hold), home; 8
dōnum, -ī n.: gift, offering, prize, 6
dūcō, -ere, dūxī, ductus: lead, draw (out), protract; produce, think, 8
dulcis, -e: sweet, pleasant, 7
dum: while, as long as, until, provided 5
ē, ex: out of, from, according to (abl.). 8
ego, meī (pl. nōs, nostrum): I, 43
eō, īre, īvī, (īī), itus: go, proceed, come, 10
errō (1): stray, wander, err; linger, 10
et: and, also, even, too, 172
etiam: besides, also, even, 7
eundī, -ō, -um, -ō: going; gerund eō 3
euntis, -ī, -em, -e, -ēs, -ium: Present part. of  eō
extrēmus, -a, -um: farthest, outermost, 5
faciō, -ere, fēcī, factum: do, make, 7
fāma, -ae f.: fame, report, reputation, 9
fātum, -ī n.: fate, destiny; oracle ,18
ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus: bear, endure; carry, report, 22

ferrum, -ī n.: iron; sword, weapon, tool, 7
fīnis, -is m. (f.): end, border; territory 5
flamma, -ae f.: flame, fire, torch; love 8
flūctus, -ūs m: wave, tide, flood, sea11
for, fārī, fātus: speak, say, tell, utter, 7
fortis, -e: strong, brave, valiant, 5
fuga, -ae f. : flight, haste, exile, speed 5
fugiō, -ere, fūgī: flee, escape, shun, 5
furō, -ere, -uī: rage, rave, be frantic 7
futūrus, -a, -um: about to be, future, 4
gemitus, -ūs m.: groan, lament, 5
gēns, gentis f.: clan, race, people, 11
genus, -eris n.: birth, origin, lineage; kind, 7
gerō, -ere, gessī, gestus: carry (on), wage, conduct, 5 

harēna, -ae f.: sand
heu: alas! ah! ah me!, 7
hīc (adv.): here, there, hereupon, 13
hic, haec, hoc: this, these, 73
hinc: from this place, hence, thence, 7 

hūc: to this place, hither, here. 5
iactō (1): to throw (to and fro), 7
iam: now, already, finally, at once, 19
īdem, eadem, idem: same, the same 6
ignis, -is m.: fire; lightning; passion, love, fury, 15

ille, illa, illud: that, those, 41
immānis, -e: immense, huge, monstrous, 6

imperium, (i)ī n.: command, power, 6
imponō, -ere, -posuī, -positus: place on, 5
īmus, -a, -um: lowest (part) of, 5
in: in, on, among (abl.); into, against (acc.), 56 

ingēns, (-entis): enormous, mighty, huge, 13
inter: between, amovng, during (acc.) 8
intereā: meanwhile, meantime, 5
ipse, -a, -um: (him, her, it)self; very 22
īra, -ae f.: anger, rage, passion, 11
is, ea, id: he, she, it; this, that; 5
Ītalia, -ae f.: Italy, 11
iubeō, -ēre, īussī, iussus: command, order, bid, 9 

Iūnō, Iūnōnis f.: Juno, 9
Iuppiter, Iovis m.: Jupiter 9
labōs (or), -ōris m.: labor, hardship, task, 7 

lacrima, -ae f.: tear, compassion, 5
laetus, -a, -um: happy; fertile; sleek, 5
lateō, -ēre, -uī: lie hidden, 5
latus, -a, -um: wide, 6
latus, -eris n.: side, flank, 5
Libya, -ae f.: Libya, 5
līmen, -inis n.: threshold, doorway, 5
lītus, -oris n.: shore, coast, beach, 15
locus, -ī m. (pl. locī, loca): place, 8
longus, -a, -um: long, distant; far, 10
lūmen, -inis n.: light, lamp; eye; life, 5
lūx, lūcis f.: light, sun, day; life, 5
magnus, -a, -um: great; noble, important, 21 

manus, -ūs f.: hand; band, troop, deed 9
mare, -is n.: sea, 5
medius, -a, -um: middle of, middle, 12
metus, -ūs f.: dread, fear, 5
meus, -a, -um: my (own), mine 10
mīror, -ārī, -ātus sum: to wonder, be amazed at, 5 misceō, -ēre, -uī, mīxtum: mix, mingle, 7
miser, -era, -rum: wretched, unfortunate, 6 

moenia, -ium n.: walls; city-walls; 7
mōlēs, -is f.: mass, burden, difficulty, structure, 5

 mōns, montis m.: mountain, 5
morior, morī, mortuus sum: to die, 5
moveō, movēre, mōvī, mōtus: move, ponder, 8 multus, -a, -um: much, many, 9
mūrus, ī m.: wall, 8
nam, namque: for; indeed, truly, 6
nātus, -ī m.: son, child, young, 8
nāvis, -is f. : ship, boat, vessel, 11
ne (-ne): indicates a yes/no question; whether, or, 9 nē: lest, that not, no, not, 5
nec: nor, and not;: neither...nor, 30 

nōmen, -inis n.: name, fame, renown 5
noster, -ra, -rum: our (own), ours, 10 

nūbēs, -is f.: cloud, 6 

nūllus, -a, -um: not any, no one, 6
nūmen, -inis n.: divine power, will, power, 7
nunc: now, soon, as it is, 15
Ō: O! oh! ah!, 14
oculus, ī m.: eye, 12
omnis, -e: all, every, whole, 27

ops, opis (f) power, influence, wealth; resources

opus, operis (n) task, labor, work; fortification
ōrō (1): plead, pray for, entreat, 8

ōra, ōrae (f) shore; border
ōs, ōris n.: face, mouth 13

os, ossis (n) bone
parēns, -entis m/f: parent, ancestor, 6
pareō, parēre, paruī - to obey + dative case

pariō, parere, peperī, partus - to give birth to, to produce

parō, parāre, parāvī, parātus - to prepare (semper parātus) 

pars, -rtis f.: part, side, direction, 5
pater, -tris m.: father; ancestor, 13
patria, -ae f.: fatherland, country, 8
pectus, -oris n.: breast, heart, soul, 12
per: through, by (means of), over, 45
pēs, pedis m.: foot; sheet-rope, sheet, 6
petō, -ere, -īvi: seek, head for, ask, 14
pietās, -tātis f.: piety, devotion, 6
plūrimus, a, um: most (superl.multus, plūs) 5
poena, -ae f.: punishment, penalty, 5
pōnō, -ere, posuī, positum: put, place (aside), 5
pontus, -ī m.: sea, ocean 9
populus, -ī m.: people, nation, 6
porta, -ae f.: gate, entrance, 6
possum, posse, potuī: be able, can, 5
post: after, behind (+ acc.), next, 5
premō, -ere, -pressī, -pressum: press, crush, overwhelm, 5 prīmus, -a, -um: first; leading, 23
prior, prius: earlier before, 6
puer, -ī m.: boy, child; slave, 6
pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum: beautiful, pretty, 5
puppis, -is f.: deck, stern; ship, 5
quaerō, -ere, quaesīvī, -sītus: seek, ask, 5
qualis, -e: of what sort?, 7
que: and, also, even, 273
quī, quae, quod (quis?quid?): who, which, what, that, 136 rapiō, -ere, rapuī: snatch, grab, 7
referō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātus: carry or bring back, 5
rēgīna, -ae f.: queen, 10
rēgnum, -ī n.: kingdom, royal power, rule, 14
regō, -ere, rēxī, rectum: rule, lead, direct, 13
rēs, reī f.: thing, affair, matter; deed, fact, 8
rīpa, -ae f.: bank, shore, 8
Rōmānus, -a, -um: Roman, 5
ruō, ruere, -ī, ruitus: fall; rush; plow 8
sacer, -cra, -crum: sacred, holy; sacrifice, rite, 5
saevus, -a, -um: savage, fierce, 7
sanguis, -inis m.: blood; race, descendant, 6
saxum, -ī n.: rock, reef, cliff, crag, 11
scopulus, -ī m.: rock, cliff, crag, 6
sē: him-, her-, it-, themselves, 20
sed: but, moreover; however, 15 

sēdēs, -is f.: seat; settlement, abode, home, shrine; 7 servō (1): save, perserve, keep, 6
sī: whether, if (only), in case that, 26
sīc: thus, so, in this manner, 17 

sīdus, -eris n.: star, constellation, 7 

signum -ī, n.: signal, gesture, 5
simul: at the same time, together, 7 

socius, (i)ī m.: comrade, ally,, 6
sōlus, -a, -um: alone, only, sole, 5 

somnus, -ī m.: sleep, slumber, dream 5 

soror, sorōris f.: sister, 5 

sors, sortis f.: lot, luck, 5
spēs, -ēī f.: hope, expectation, 6
stō, -āre, stetī, status: stand (fast up); stop, 6
sub: under, close to, beneath, 13
subeō, -īre, -īī, itus: approach, go up to, undergo 6 sum, esse, fuī, futūrus: be, exist, 55
summus, -a, -um: top of, highest, 9
surgō, -ere, -rēxī, -rēctus: raise (a)rise, surge, 5 tacitus, -a, -um: silent, speechless, still, 5
tālis, -e: such, the following, 15
tandem: finally, at length, pray, 5
tangō, tangere, tetigī, tāctus - to touch (tangent, tactile) 

tegō, tegere, texī, tectus - to cover (protect)

tantus, -a, -um: so great, so much, 18
tēctum, -ī n.: roof; house, 6
tellūs, -ūris f.: earth, land, country, 6
tēlum, -ī n.: weapon; wound, blow, 6
templum, -ī n.: temple, 5
tendō, -ere, tetendī, tentus: stretch strive; hasten, teneō, -ēre, -uī, -tus: to have, hold, 12
tergum, -ī n.: back, hide, rear, 5
terra, -ae f.: earth, land, ground, 20
Teucrus, a, um: Teucrian, Trojan, 10
tollō, -ere, sustulī, sublātus: raise; destroy, 5 

torqueō, -ēre, torsī, tortum: to twist, hurl, 5 

tot: so many, 8
tōtus, -a, -um: total, entire, whole, 8
Troia, ae f.: Troy, 13
Trōs, Trōis: Trojan, 5
tū, tuī (pl. vōs, vestrum) : you, 44
tum, tunc: then, at that time; 18
tuus, -a, -um: your(s), your own, 11
Tyrius, a, um: Tyrian, Carthaginian 8
ubi: where, when; as soon as, 10
ūllus, -a, -um: any, any one (unus nauta word)
umbra, -ae f.: shade, shadow, ghost 12
unda, -ae f.: wave, water, sea 14
ūnus, -a, -um: one, alone; together, 10
urbs, urbis f.: city, town, 27
ut(ī): that, so that; how, 11
varius, -a, -um: various, 5
vastus, -a, -um: desolate, enormous, 7
ve, vel: or; vel...vel, either...or, 8
veniō, -īre, vēnī, ventus: come, go, 14
ventus, -ī m.: wind, blast, 11
vertex, -icis m.: top, peak; whirlpool, 5
vester, -ra, -rum: your 5
videō, -ēre, vīdī, vīsus: see, pass. appear, 26
vincō, -ere, vīcī, victus: conquer, 5
vir, -ī m.: man; hero, husband, 22
vīs, vīs f. (pl. vīrēs): force, violence, power; pl. strength vocō (1): call, name, invoke, invite, 8
volvō, -ere, -ī, volūtus: revolve, (un)roll, 6
vōs, vestrum (sg. tū, tuī) : you, 6
vōx, vocis f.: voice, utterance, word, 8
vulnus, vulneris n.: wound, blow, 7
vultus, -ūs m.: expression, face, 6 

Beginning of book II Vocabulary List Aeneid Vergil 

a(d)spicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spectus - to see, behold, look at 

amplector, amplectī, amplexus sum - to embrace (amplexus)

attollo, attollere - raise up, lift

aveho, avehere, avexi, avectus - to carry away, convey

careo, carere, carui + abl.  - to lack, be free from

dignor, dignari, dignatus sum + abl.   - to deem worthy

everto, evertere, eversi, eversus - to over turn; destroy 

for, farī, fatus sum - to speak 

excutio, excutere, excussī, excussus - to shake off

fugleo, fulgere - to shine, flash 

haurio, haurire, hausi, haustum - to drain, to drink in

haereo, haereo, haesi, haesum - to cling, to stick, to get stuck; be embarrassed

incedo, incedere, incessi, incessus - to go forth, stride, walk majestically 

incumbo, incumbere, incubui + dative - to lean upon, hand over

includo, inculdere, inclusi, inclusus - to enclose, confine 

insto, instare - to press on, urge + dative

iuvo, iuvare, iuvi - to please, to help (often used impersonally)

lambo (1) to lick 

lateo, latere, latui - to hide, to lurk (latent) 

ligo (1) to bind, fasten

lego, legere, lēgī, lectus - to pick, to choose 

macto (1) slaughter 

occido, occidere, occidi, occasus - to fall, to perish 

occulto (1) to hide (occult) 

pario, parere, peperi, partus - to give birth, gain, acquire

sinuo (1) fold, curve, twist (insinuate) 

statuo, statuere, statui, statutus - establish, set up 

sisto, sistere, steti, status - stand, stop, stay

sterno, sternere, stravi, stratus - to lay low; spread; strew 

suscito (1) to stir, to arouse

supero (1) to surmount, overcome

tegō, tegere, tēxī, tectus - to cover

tango, tangere, tetigi, tactus (papyrus saxum tangit).

tueor, tueri, tutus sum - to watch over; protect

ulcisor, ulcisci, ultus sum - to avenge   (Temple of Mars Ultor) 

aether, eris (m) upper air; heavens

ala, -ae (f) wing

amnis, -is (m) river 

anguis, -is (m) snake

artus, artūs (m) limb, joint, body

arx, arcis (f) citadel 

caterva, -ae (f) crowd, band

collum, -i (n) neck

collis, collis (m) hill 

conubium, -ii (n) marriage

culpa, -ae (f) fault, offense, blame

culmen, culminis (n) peak, summit, top; acme 

custos, custodis (m) guard 

dolus, -i (m) trick, fraud, deciet

dolor, doloris (m) grief; angry; pain 

ensis, -is (m) sword; knife

error, erroris (m) error; trick, deceit; a wandering

facies, faciei (m) face; appearance 

fictum, -i (n) falsehood

fragor, fragoris (m) a crashing, crashing noise

insania, -ae (f) madness, frenzy

gemitus, -ūs (m) groan, wailing 

latus, lateris (n) side, flank 

letum, -i (n) death

lignum, -i (n) wood

nepos, nepotis (m) descendent 

pulvis, pulveris (m) dust 

quisquis, quidquid (indef. pronoun) whoever, whatever

robur, roburis (m) oak; strength 

rota, -ae (f) wheel 

sermo, sermonis (m) speech, conversation 

solum, -i (n) ground, soil, earth 

sors, sortis (f) lot, chance; fate, destiny 

uterus, -i (m) womb, belly

uterque, utraque, utrumque - each, both 

vitta, -ae (f) garland, fillet

conscius, a, um - aware, privy to 

defessus, a, um - weary; exhausted 

extremus, a, um- final, last, furthest 

incolumis, -e - safe, unharmed, uninjured 

invisus, a, um - hated; hateful 

laevus, a, um - left; stupid; ill-omened 

fetus, a, um - teeming with, pregnant with 

foedus, a, um - foul, disgusting, filthy 

furtivus, a, um - stolen, secret

pernix, pernicis (adj.) swift, active 

secundus, a, um - following, favorable 

tenax, tenacis (adj.) holding

tutus, a, um - safe

umidus, a, um - damp, dewy, wet

enim (adv.)  for, indeed, truly 

denique (adv.) finally, at last 

nusquam (adv.) nowhere; never

pariter (adv.) equally, alike 

passim (adv.) everywhere, here and there 

procul (adv.) at or from a distance 

totidem - the same number; so many

totiens - so often

list for the Aeneid

Be able to decline:  haec vis or illud mare or litus ipsum

Anchises, -ae (m) acc. =Anchisen - Trojan Prince and father of Aeneas

Argi, -orum (m. pl.) Argos, city in Greece where Juno is worshipped 

Argivus, a, um - Argive, Greek 

Danaus, a, um - Danaan, Greek

Ganymēdēs, -is (m) Trojan boy and son of Laomedon, king of Troy

Lāvīnius, a, um - Lavinian, of Lavinium 

Parcae, -arum (f) Fates 

Teucrus, a, um - Teucrian, Trojan (Teucer was a king of Troy)

Troia, -ae (f) city of Troy or Ilium

Tyrius, a, um - Tyrian, of Tyre, a Phoenician city on the coast of the Levant

Saturnius, a, um - of Saturn 

Trōs, Trōis (m) Trojan

Words of Special Significance:

moles, molis (f) a mass, weight, burden 

pietas, pietatis (f) 

pius, a, um 

condo, condere, condidi, conditus

volvo, volvere, volui, volutus - to move in a curved course; to roll; to unroll; to undergo

vatēs, vatis (m) bard, prophet, singer; poet

accendo, accendere, accendi, accensus - to inflame; enrage 

adeo, adire, adiī, aditus - to approach, encounter 

ardeo, ardere, arsi, arsus - to burn; be eager

arceo, arcere, arcui - keep off, defend, restrain 

cano, canere, cecinī, cantus - to sing

cerno, cernere, crevi, cretus - to discern, perceive 

doleo, dolere, dolui - to suffer, grieve, resent 

eripio, eripere, eripui, ereptus - to snatch away

for, fari, fatus sum - to speak

foveo, fovere, fovi - to cherish, fondle 

fundo, fundere, fudi, fusus - to pour 

furo, furere, furui - to rage, rave, be frantic 

iacto (1) to toss, buffet 

impello, impellere, impulī, impulsus - to strike against, drive, force 

incedo, incedere, incessi, incessus - to stride; go forth; walk 

labor, labi, lapsus sum - to slipe, to slide 

laedo, laedere, laesi, laesus - to hurt, strike, offend 

metuo, metuere, metui - to fear

patior, pati, passus sum - to suffer, endure; allow 

pateo, patere, patui - to be open, to be revealed

ruo, ruere, rui - fall; rush; sink

sino, sinere, sivi - to permit, allow

tendo, tendere, tetendi, tentus - to stretch

voluto (1) to turn over, roll

volvo, volvere, volui, volutus - to move in a curved course; to roll; to unroll; to undergo

aequor, aequoris (n) sea 

altum, -i (n) the deep, the sea

arx, arcis (f) citadel, fort; height

ara, ae (f) altar

arvum, -i (n) field 

aura, -ae (f) breeze, air

aurum, -i (n) gold

causa, -ae (f) cause, reason 

casus, -ūs (m) misfortune, chance

cura, -ae (f) care, anxiety, 

currus, -ūs (m) chariot

donum, -i (n) gift

fatum, -i (n) fate

fors, fortis (f) chance, fortune

fluctus, us (m) wave, tide, flood, sea

furia, -ae (f) rage, madness 

genus, generis (n) race; kind, origin, 

gens, gentis (f) clan, race, nation

litus, litoris (n) shore

moenia, -ium (n) walls

numen, numinis (n) divine authority, divinity

ora, -ae (f) shore 

pontus, -i (m) sea

portus, -us (m) port

porta, -ae (f) gate

progenies, progeniei (f) offspring 

pelagus, -i (n) sea

pectus, pectoris (n) chest; heart; soul 

relinquiae, ārum (fe. pl.) the leavings, remnants

sidus, sideris (n) star

socius, -i (m) ally, comrade, follower 

sanguis, -inis (m) blood

somnus, -i (m) sleep, slumber; dream 

turbo, turbinis (m) whirlwind 

asper, aspera, asperum - rough, harsh 

ater, atra, atrum - dark, black, gloomy

caelestis, -e(adj.) of the sky, heavenly

carus, a, um - dear + dative case

dives, divitis (adj.) rich 

fessus, a, um - tired, weary 

immanis, -e- huge, monstrous, enormous 

insignis, -e- marked, distinguished 

invīsus, a, um - hated 

infelix, infelicis (adj.) unfortunate, unhappy, accursed 

inferus, a, um - low, below, underneath

imus, a, um - the lowest, the deepest

memor, memoris (adj.) mindful + genitive case

saevus, a, um - cruel, savage

vetus, veteris (adj.) old 

enim - for, indeed, in truth 

insuper (adv.) above, besides 

lātē (adv.) widely, far and wide 

longe (adv.) far off

necdum (adv.) not yet

olim (adv.) once upon a time, once

praeterea (adv.) besides, hereafter

qua (adv.) where, in anyway

quo (adv.) to where?

quippe - truly, indeed surely 

una (adv.) together, at the same time 

unde - from which, whenc 

Final Caesar Vocabulary List

Verb game on:  vereor, verērī, veritus sum

Be able to decline:   hoc līberum mūnus or ista turpis vis

cingō, cingere, cinxī, cinctus - to surround, to grid; to equip 

cōgō, cōgere, cōēgī, cōactus - to compel, to bring together

communicō (1) to share, to impart 

comprendō, comprehendere, comprehendī, comprehensus - to grasp; to seize (comprehensive, comprehension) 

concidō, concidere, concidī - to fall, to collapse 

concīdō, concīdere, concīdī, concīsus - to cut down 

contendō, contendere, condendī, contentus - to strive, to hasten 

dēfīgō, dēfīgere, dēfīxī, dēfīxus - to stick fast 

discō, discere, didicī - to learn (discāmus) 

ēdūcō, ēdūcere, ēdūxī, ēductus - to lead out, to bring up

expectō, expectāre - to look out for; wait for 

haereō, haerēre - to cling (inherent) 

hauriō, haurīre, hausī, hausus - to drain, to empty 

iactō (1) to toss (frequentive) + reflexive pron.  = to boast

iūdicō, iūdicāre - to judge (ius, iuris n.)

imperō (1) to command + dative of person commanded 

iuvō, iuvāre, iuvī - to help (adiutor, adiutoris m. - helper)

legō, legere, lēgī, lectus - to chose, to pick

ligō, ligare - to bind, to tie (ligament) 

metuō, metuere - to fear (Metus Gallicus) 

mandō (1) to entrust; to order 

necō, necāre - to kill 

noscō, noscere, nōvī, nōtus - to recognize, to learn, to be familiar with; to know 

tangō, tangere, tetigī, tāctus - to touch (tangent, tactile)

opugnō (1) to attack

pareō, parēre, paruī - to obey + dative case

pariō, parere, peperī, partus - to give birth to, to produce

parō, parāre, parāvī, parātus - to prepare (semper parātus) 

pellō, pellere, pepulī, pulsus - to drive (repellent, repulsive) 

percutiō, percutere, percussī, percussus - to strike hard

praeficiō, praeficere - to put an accusative in charge of a dative

praesum, praeesse, praefuī - to be in charge of + dative

rumpō, rumpere, rupī, ruptus - to burst 

servō (1) to save, to keep

serviō, servīre - to serve + dative

tradō, tradere, tradidī, traditus - to hand over; surrender 

traho, trahere, traxi, tractus - to drag, to pull (detractor) 

transfīgō, transfīgere, transfīxī, transfīxus - to pierce, thrust through 

tegō, tegere, texī, tectus - to cover (tectum = building, roof). 

vehō, vehere, vēxī, vectus - to carry, to convey; to travel (middle sense) 

vereor, verērī, veritus sum - to fear 

versor (1) to be engaged; to be turned 

volutō (1) to roll, to turn over and over 

aequor, aequoris (n) level surface; sea 

aditus, aditūs (m) approach, access (ad + eo) 

anima, animae (f) breath, spirit, soul 

animus, animī (m) mind, heart; spirit, courage

biduum, biduī (n) two day period 

caedēs, caedis (f) slaughter, murder 

cāsus, cāsūs (f) a falling; chance, misfortune (cāsū = by chance) 

certāmen, certāminis (n) contest, conflict 

copia, copiae (f) supply, abundance; in plural: troops, forces

consuetūdō, consuetūdinis (f) custom, habit

dolor, doloris (m) suffering, pain 

dolus, dolī (m) trick; deception 

facinus, facinōris (n) crime, bad deed; deed 

fās (indecl.) right, just according to divine law

foedus, foederis (n) treaty; contract 

ignis, ignis (m) fire (igneous rock) 

inopia, -ae (f) poverty, want 

lapis, lapidis (m) stone 

liber, librī (m) book 

līber, līberōrum (m. pl.) children 

mōlēs, mōlis (f) mass; burden

modus, modī (m) manner, form; measure 

morbus, morbī (m) disease, illness 

mūnus, mūneris (n) service, duty, gift; tax (munificence) 

mundus, mundī (m) world, universe (spiritus mundi) 

nefās (indecl.) wrong, not just according to divine law

obsidiō, obsidiōnis (f) seige

plērusque, plēraque, plērumque - very many

pons, pontis (m) bridge (Pontifex Maximus) 

pontus, pontī (m) sea (Pontus Euxinus = Black Sea) 

praesidium, praesidiī (n) a guard, protection  (Caesar praesidiō maximō semper utitur)

sinus, sinūs (m) fold, indentation, bay, etc

spatium, spatiī (n) space (both spacial and temporal) spatium temporis

supplicium, -iī (n) punishment 

supplex, supplicis (m) suppliant 

tectum, tectī (n) roof, building, hall, palace 

vāgīna, -ae (f) sheath (where gladius, gladiī m. lives) 

unda, undae (f) wave

ambo, ambae ambo - both (ambidextrous) 

duo, duae, duo - two

caelestis, caeleste - celestial, heavenly 

creber, crebra, crebrum - frequent, thick; crowded 

cupidus, a, um - desirous (Mia est cupida mordendārum ursārum)

foedus, a, a, um - foul, disgusting 

gratia, gratiae (f) favour, influence; thanks

immanis, immane- immense, enormous 

immitis, immite   - fierce, cruel (Lydia est immitis)

inimīcus, a, um - rivaling, hostile + dative 

insignis, insigne - distinguished, remarkable 

indignus, a, um - unworthy of + ABLATIVE CASE (Favale est dignus summā laude)   

invisus, a, um - hated, hateful, odious 

memor, menoris (adj.) mindful, remembering + genitive case

- unwilling

memor, menoris (adj.) mindful, remembering + genitive case

mollis, molle - soft (mollify) 

idōneus, a, um - suited to + dative

peritus, a, um - skilled in/at + genitive 

imperitus, a, um - unskilled, inexperienced 

impius, impia, impium - unholy, impious (impius Mars; pius Aeneas) 

incommodus, a, um - unfortunate, disastrous 

līber, lībera, līberum - free; as substantive = children

reliquus, a, um - the remaining, the rest 

superior, superius - higher, earlier (Adamo est superior) 

temerārius, a, um - rash, inconsiderate (temerity) 

turpis, turpe - ugly, shameful (turpitude) 

tumulus, tumulī (m) pile, heap, mound, hill 

quisquam, quidquam (indefinite) anyone, anything

quisque, quidque (indefinite) each one, each thing (cuique suum redde - give to each his own) 

cōnfestim (adv.) immediately

inde  - from there, then

unde - from where, whence

modo (adv.) only, recently, just now 

nam - for

necdum - not yet

nē…quidem = not even   

praeter (prep. + acc.) beyond, past

quippe - surely, indeed

quoad - until, as far as, as long as 

quotannis - every year, yearly 

tantum (adv.) only 

unde - from where, whence

Caesar Vocabulary List - Book 5 (end) and 6

1) Be able to decline:         hoc magnum munus;  hoc grave os;   quoddam alienum numen

2) Expect verb game on:     for, fari, fatus sum - to speak and colo, colere, colui, cultus

fertur = he, she, it is said

abdo, abdere, abdidi, abditus - to put away, hide, remove, secrete

cano, canere, cecini, cantus - to sing 

colo, colere, colui, cultus - to worship; to cultivate 

comprehendo, comprehendere, comprehendi - seize, grasp, arrest

condo, condere, condidi, conditus - to found, establish

conor, conari, conatus sum - to try 

confido, confidere, confisus sum (semi-transvestite) + dative  = to trust 

conspicor (1) to catch sight of; perceive 

contego, contegere, contexi, contextum - cover over

deficio, deficere, defeci, defectum - to give out, to fail (defective, deficient)

dimico (1) to brandish weapon; contend; to fight

excido, excidere - to fall from, perish 

fertur = he, she, it is said

for, fari, fatus sum - to speak (infant, forum, fate)

foveo, fovere -to keep warm; cherish, support

iacto (1) to toss, buffet (rex se iactat = the king boasts)

immolo (1) to sacrifice , immolate 

impello, impellere, impuli, impulsus - to drive, force, strike 

laedo, laedere, laesi, laesum - to hurt, injure; offend 

metuo, metuere, metui - fear, dread 

patior, pati, passus sum - to suffer, endure; to allow + acc. + inf. 

rego, regere, rexi, rectum - to rule, lead, direct 

servo, servare - to keep, preserve 

sino, sinere, sivi, situs - permit, allow 

succurro, succurrere - to aid, run to support + dative 

versor (1) to be engaged in 

volvo, volvere, volvi, volutus - to wind, roll, twist

alter, altera, alterum (-ius paradigm) the other, another, one…the other

altum, -i (n) the deep; the sea 

aequor, aequoris (n) a flat level surface; the sea

aes, aeris (n) bronze

arx, arcis (f) citadel 

causa, -ae (f) cause, reason; case                    

casus, -us (m) chance; misfortune, disaster    casū = by chance

conspectus, -us (m) look, sight, view

currus, -us (m) chariot 

excidium, -ii (n) destruction, overthrow 

fama, -ae (f) rumour, story, report

furiae, -arum (f) madness, rage 

furtum, -i (n) theft, robbery 

gens, gentis (f) race, clan

genus, generis (n) kind, class, race, (genus, sui generis)

iniuria, -ae (f) injury, wrong

litus, litoris (n) shore 

moenia, -ium (n. pl.) walls

moles, molis (f) mass, burden, difficulty (mole)

morbus, -i (m) disease, sickness, illness

munus, muneris (n) service, duty; gift 

noxia, -ae (f) fault, offence, crime

numen, numinis (n) divine spirit, divine power

opinio, opinionis (f) opinion, thought, belief 

opus, operis (n) task, work; fortification; need 

ops, opis (f) help, resources, power, wealth 

ora, orae (f) shore

os, oris (n) mouth; face

os, ossis (n) bone

pilum, -i (n) spear

progenies, progeniei (f) offspring 

quisquam, quaequam, quidquam - anybody, anyone, anything

sanguis, sanguinis (m) blood; family, race 

sal, salis (n) salt; sea water; the sea

verutum, -i (n) javalin 

vultus, -us (m) face; expression 

asper, aspera, asperum - harsh, rough, fierce 

caelestis, caeleste - celestial, heavenly 

carus, a, um - dear + dative case

confertus, a, um - crowded together, densely packed 

dives, divitis (adj.) wealthy, rich 

immanis, immane- immense, enormous 

immitis, immite   - fierce, cruel 

insignis, insigne- distinguished, remarkable 

indignus, a, um - unworthy of + ABLATIVE CASE

invisus,a, um - hated, hateful, odious 

memor, menoris (adj.) mindful, remembering + genitive case

saevus, a, um - cruel 

tot (indecl. adj.)  so many

quot (indecl. adj.) how many? 

turpis, turpe - shameful, ugly, vile 

uter, utra, utrum?  Which of two (-ius paradigm)

uterque, utraque, utrumque - each of two

vetus, veteris (adj.) old 

vivus, a, um - living, alive

admodum (adv.) completely, just about

causā + preceding genitive = "for the sake of" 

clam (adv.) in secret

circum + acc.  = around 

dum (subord. conj.) + indicative = while 

dum (subord. conj.) + subjunctive = until 

enim - for, indeed, in truth 

magis (adv.) more, rather

necdum - not yet

nondum - not yet 

ob + acc.  - on account of 

palam (adv.) openly, publicly

paulatim (adv.) little by little

qua (adv.) where, in any way 

quoque (adv.) also 

fertur = he, she, it is said

List Four for De Bello Gallico

Verb game on: dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductus or patior, patī, passus sum

adipiscor, adipisci, adeptus sum - to obtain, get

adhaereo, adhaerere, adhaesi - to cling to, to stick to

comperio, comperire, comperi, compertus - to find out; to discover 

concedo, concedere - to withdraw; to yield, to grant 

cōnsistō, cōnsistere, cōnstitī, — [sistō, stand], take a stand or position, keep one’s position, stand, form (when soldiers make a formation); stop, halt, remain, stay; (of ships) lie at anchor; consist in, depend or rest on. 

cōnstō, -stāre, -stitī, -stātum [stō, stand], stand firm; depend on; be complete; cost; constat (impersonal)  it is agreed, certain, evident, or known. 

cōnstituō, -stituere, -stituī, -stitūtum [statuō] set up], set up, erect, construct, appoint, decide, decree, determine, establish, set, settle; (of troops) draw up (in formation); (of ships) anchor, station; raise (a legion). 

cōnsuēscō, -suēscere, -suēvī, -suētum [suēscō, become used to], become accustomed or used to; perf. be accustomed; cōnsuētus, perf. part. as adj.: accustomed, usual.  

concīdō, conīidere, concīdī, concīsus - to cut down 

constipo (1) to crowd together in, to stuff

confido, confidere, confisus sum (semi-deponent) - to trust, to rely on + dat.

conficiō, conficere, confēcī, confectus - to exhaust; to finish off, to complete

insto, instare, institi - press on, take position 

irrumpo, irrumpere, irrupi, irruptus, a, um - burst in 

ligo (1) to tie, bind (ligament) 

legō, legere, lēgī, lectus - to pick, to choose; to read

moror, morari, moratus sum - to delay, linger

morior, mori, mortuus sum - to die

nascor, nasci, natus sum - to be born 

nitor, niti, nixus or nisus sum - to rely on (+abl. case); to struggle to + infinitive 

noceo, nocere, nocui, nocitus - to harm + dative case [often used impersonally  in Caesar: ipsi Titurio nihil nocitum iri = "that no harm will be done to Titurius himself"]

oppugnō (1) to attack 

obsideō, obsidēre, obsēdī, obsessus - to besiege, to blockade (obsession) 

oportet, oportēre, oportui (impersonal verb) - it is proper, it is fitting + subjective acc. + infinitive

patior, patī, passus sum - to suffer, to endure; to allow (passive, patient)

pateō, patēre, patuī - to be open, to lie open (intransitive verb)

paenitet, paenitēre, paenituit (impersonal verb) - it causes one (in genitive) to regret something (in accusative) or may generate indirect statement. 

procedo, procedere, processi, processum - to proceed, to advance 

prodo, prodere, prodidi, proditus - to bring fourth; betray 

progredior, progredi, progessus sum - to advance 

subvenio, subvenire, subveni - come up to; aid, relieve 

sumo, sumere, sumpsi, sumptus - to take; to take up; spend 

tollo, tollere, sustuli, sublatus - raise; destroy 

soleo, solere, solitus sum - to be accustomed to + infinitive 

versor (1) to be engaged, move about; to live 

vereor, vereri, veritus sum -to fear, be afraid

adventus, -ūs (m) arrival (advent)

aedes, aedis (f) building; temple 

aetas, aetatis (f) age, time of life

auctoritas, auctoritatis (f) influence, clout

beneficium, -ii (n) kindness, favour, benefit 

caedes, caedis (f) murder, slaughter, killing

casus, -ūs (m) chance; misfortune, disaster 

certamen, certaminis (n) contest, conflict

cor, cordis (n) heart 

epistula, -ae (f) letter, missive

facinus, facinoris (n) deed; bad deed; crime 

fama, -ae (f) rumour, story, hearsay 

fas (n. indeclinable) right or just according to divine law (opposite is nefas). 

gratia, -ae (f) influence, favour; thanks

iniuria, -ae (f) wrong, injury, injustice 

ius, iuris (n) justice, law, right

līberī, - ōrum (m) children 

moles, molis (f) a mass, a weight 

morbus, -ī (m) disease, sickness, illness

poena, -ae (f) punishment 

nutus, -ūs (m) a nod

numen, numinis (f) divine spirit; divinity 

obsidio, obsidionis (f) siege, blockade 

ratio, rationis (f) - a reckoning , account, consideration, calculation; 'rationem ducere', [to compute]; [any transaction, affair, business; a reason, motive, ground; a plan, scheme, system; reasonableness, method, order; a theory, doctrine, science; the reasoning faculty].

scutum, -ī (n) shield 

turris, -is (f) tower (Italian torre)   

vagina, -ae (f) sheath, scabbard 

vallum, -ī (n) rampart, wall 

acer, acris, acre - sharp; fierce; bitter; eager (acrid) 

asper, aspera, asperum - rough, harsh, violent

confertus, a, um - crowded together 

creber, crebra, crebrum - crowded, frequent

cupidus, a, um - desirous, eager 

immanis, immane enormous, immense 

inferus, a, um - below, lower 

impeditus, a, um-  hindered, impeded 

impius, a, um - impious, unholy 

incolumis, incolume [uninjured , safe and sound]

quidam, quaedam, quoddam (indefinite adj.)  a certain 

repentinus, a, um - sudden

turpis, turpe- ugly, shameful, disgusting (turpitude) 

uter, utra, utrum - which of two? 

vivus, a, um - living, alive 

admodum (adv.) completely, just about

aut...aut (conjunctions) either...or 

bis (adv.) twice 

deinceps (adv.) one after another, successively 

intus (adv.) within 

intra (prep.+ acc.) within, among 

confestim (adv.) immediately 

ne...quidem = not even

neve - or not, and not, nor 

nōndum (adv.) not yet

pridie (adv.) on the day before, on the previous day. 

quidem (postpositive) - infact, indeed

quoque - and also, also 

rursus (adv.) again, back 

sicut - just as, so as 

extra (prep. + acc.) outside, beyond, outside of

Phrases or Idioms:

Res est testimonio - “the matter is for (the purpose of) evidence”

de summis rebus - “concerning the most serious circumstances”

in ipso negotio: 'in the midst of action'.

ad hunc modum - in this manner

in perpetuum - forever 

se receperunt - they retreated

longe lateque - far and wide

eodem die - on the same day 

subductis navibus - ships drawn up 

magna manu - with a large group of men 

summo loco - in the highest position

List Three - Caesar, De Bello Gallico

Be able to decline:  hoc opus &  eadem fides

Expect verb game on the back for repello or pario

adipiscor, adipisci, adeptus sum - get, obtain, reach 

ardeo, ardere, arsi, arsus - to burn; to be eager 

cado, cadere, cecidi, casus - to fall 

cedo, cedere, cessi, cessus - to move, to withdraw 

cingo, cingere, cinxi, cinctus - to surround 

coepi, coepisse, coeptum - to begin (defective verb) 

concito (1) to incite, stir, impel 

confiteor, confiteri, confessus sum - to admit, to reveal 

confido, confidere, confisus sum - to trust, believe (semi-deponent) 

conspicio, conspicere, conspexi, conspectus - to see, to behold 

consulo, consulere, consului, consultus - to consult, to consider

compleo, complere, complevi, completus - to fill 

debeo, debere, debui, debitus - to owe; ought

despero (1) to give up, to have not hope

disco, discere, didici - to learn, get to know 

excito (1) excite, inspire; raise 

excedo, excedere, excessi, excessus - to go out

impetro (1) to obtain, accomplish 

interpono, interponere, interposui - to introduce 

labor, labi, lapsus sum - to slipe, glide 

minuo, minuere, minui - to diminish 

munio, (4) to fortify 

nanciscor, nancisci, nactus sum - to obtain, meet

nascor, nasci, natus sum - to be born 

nosco, noscere, novi, notus - to recognize; know, learn  

nego (1) to deny, to say ...not 

nitor, niti, nisus sum - to lean on; to rely on 

paro (1) to prepare (semper paratus)

pareo, parere, parui - to obey + dative

pario, parere, peperi, partus - to produce, bear 

pendeo, pendere, pependi, pensus - pay, weigh, to hang 

polliceor, polliceri, pollicitus sum - to promise, offer

probo (1) to approve, demonstrate

repello, repellere, repuli, repulsus - drive back, repulse 

tollo, tollere, subtuli, sublatus - raise; destroy 

vereor, vereri, veritus sum - to be afraid, fear

ulciscor, ulcisci, ultus sum - to avenge, take vengeance 

aditus, -us (m) approach, entrance 

auctoritas, auctoritatis (f) influence, clout 

casus, -us (m) misfortune, change

centurio, centurionis (m) centurion 

circuitus, -us (m) circumference, circuit 

contumelia, -ae (f) insult, outrage; violence 

fames, famis (f) hunger

fama, -ae (f) story, rumor; reputation 

familiaris, -e- of the family; close friend 

fides, fidei (f) faith, honor, trust 

fletus, -us (m) weeping 

hiems, hiemis (f) winter

hiberna, -orum (n. Pl.) winter-camp

inopia, -ae (f) poverty, want, need

ignis, -is (m) fire 

meritum, -i (n) service, favour

mos, moris (m) custom, habit, manner (mos maiorum, mores)

negotium, -ii (n) business, a task 

officium, -ii (n) duty 

opus, operis (n) work, toil; defenses 

opera, -ae (f) effort, attention 

ops, opis (f) power, resources, influence

praesidium, -ii (n) guard, protection 

pietas, pietatis (f) devotion/loyalty to family, state/nations and gods

ratio, rationis (f) an accounting, reasoning 

scala, -ae (f) ladder, stairs 

sententia, -ae (f) opinion, purpose 

sermo, sermonis (m) conversation, speech 

studium, -ii (n) eagerness, zeal 

stipendium, -i (n) pay; military service 

voluntas, voluntatis (f) wish, will, choice 

vulgus, -i (n) mass, mob

aeger, aegra, aegrum - sick, weak 

alacer, alacris, alacere - eager, spirited 

amplus, a, um - ample, full, spacious 

confertus, a, um - crowded together 

humilis, -e- on the ground; humble, low

incommodus, a, um - unfortunate, disastrous 

incolumis, -e- uninjured, safe

indignus, a, um + ablative= unworthy, undeserving 

idoneus, a, um - suitable, appropriate + dative case

levis, -e - light (opposite of gravis, -e)

par, paris - equal, similar + dative

repentinus, a, um - sudden, unexpected 

saucius, a, -um - wounded 

adeo, (adv.) to such an extent 

apud + acc. = in the presence of, with, among

casū (adv.) by chance

confestim (adv.) immediately 

eiusmodi - of this kind, of such a kind, so 

intra + acc.   = within 

inter + acc= between, among 

procul (adv.) far off, at a distance

quotiens - as often as

quoniam - since 

nondum (adv.) not yet

paene (adv.) almost 

rursus (adv.) again, backward

sive…sive or seu…seu - whether, or 

tametsi - even if, although 

unde - whence, from where

vero (postpositive)  in fact

List Two for Caesar - Mostly Martial Words

  "Them's Fighten' Words" or Words of a Mostly Martial Nature.

Be able to decline:   eadem magna acies           haec fortis manus       illa tota pars

attingo, attingere, attigī, attāctus to touch against; touch, reach, arrive at, border (ad + tango)

animadverto, animadvertere, animadverti, animadversum -  turn mind to, notice

conspicio, conspire, conspexi, conspectus -  to look at attentively, to get sight of, to descry, perceive

contendo, contendere, contendi, contentus - to stretch completely; stretch, strain,

conicio, conicere, conieci, coniectus - to hurl, to throw

consuesco, consuescere, consuevi, consuetus - to be accustomed (to)+ infinitive

cognosco, cognoscere, cognovi, cognotus - to learn, come to know (in the perfect = know). 

contendo, contendere, contendi, contentus - to struggle, vie, fight 

dedo, dedere, dedidi, deditus - to give up, surrender 

desum, deesse, defui - to be lacking; to fail + dative case

expugno (1) to take by storm, capture

existimo (1) to judge, consider, think 

efficio, efficere, effeci, effectus - to do, effect(often used impersonally + ut + subjunctive = “it happened that.....”

gero, gerere, gessi, gestum - to wage, conduct, accomplish; wear

incolo, incolere - to dwell, to inhabit  

incito (1) to drive forward, incite 

munio (4) to fortify 

nanciscor, nanciscī, nactus sum - to find, to obtain

nascor, nasci, natus sum - to be born 

potior, potiri, potitus sum + ABL or GEN.  = to gain possession of 

probo (1) approve, commend

praecedo, praecedere, praecessi - to go before, excel 

procedo, procedere, processi, processus - to advance, go forward 

proficiscor, proficisci, profectus sum - to set out  

subvenio, subvenire, subveni, subventum - to come to the aid of + dative

acies, aciei (f) battle line; battle; edge, line of sight 

agmen, agminis (n) marching line (novissimum agmen = rear of theline)

auxilium, -ii (n) help 

castra, -arum (n) camp

cohors, cohortis (f) cohort

cornu, -us (n) wing (of an army); horn 

copiae, -arum (f) troops

equites, equitum (m. pl.) cavalry

equitatus, -us (m) cavalry 

eruptio, eruptionis (f) a breaking out

exercitus, -us (m) army

fossa, -ae (f) ditch 

frumentum, -i (n) grain, (in plural = crops)

gladius, -ii (m) sword

impedimentum, -i (n) impediment, obstacle, (in plural = baggage train)

impetus, -us (m) attack 

latus, lateris (n) side; flank

legatus, -i (m) envoy; lieutenant general

legio, legionis (f) legion (3600-6000 milites) 

manus, -us (f) hand; band or group of soldiers

miles, militis (m) soldier

munitio, munitionis (f) fortification 

murus, -i (m) wall 

obsidio, obsidionis (f) siege, blockade 

pars, partis (f) part, side; direction

passus, -us (m) step, pace

pilum, i (n) javelin 

praesidium, -ii (n) guard

proelium, -ii (n)  battle

profectio, profectionis (f) departure, setting out 

salus, salutis (f) safety, salvation 

scutum, -i (n) shield 

subsidium, -ii (n) help, reinforcement, support

telum, -i (n) weapon; spear 

turris, turris (turrim and turrium) (f) tower

usus, -us (m) use (of used as a dative of purpose by Caesar)

vigilia, -ae (f) watch (military)

vallum, -i (n) rampart; wall 

virtus, virtutis (f) courage, valour 

expeditus, a, um- lightly armed 

fortis, forte (adj.) brave, strong

paratus, a, um - prepared

reliquus, a, um - remaining, the rest

tardus, a, um - slow 

apud (prep. + acc.) near, among, in the presence of 

ne...quidem = not even (surrounds the word that it emphasizes) 

qua (relative) where

fere (adv.) nearly, almost

praeterea (adv.) besides, moreover

procul (adv.) at a distance, far away

prope (adv.) near

propterea quod - because, on account of the fact that

Phrases or Idioms:

Res est testimonio - “the matter is for (the purpose of) evidence”

capere consilium  - to adopt plan 

de summis rebus - “concerning the most serious circumstances”

in ipso negotio: 'in the midst of action'.

ad hunc modum - in this manner

in perpetuum - forever 

se receperunt - they retreated

longe lateque - far and wide

eodem die - on the same day 

subductis navibus - ships drawn up 

magna manu - with a large group of men 

summo loco - in the highest position

milia passuum - a Roman mile 

numero hostium habēre - to consider as an enemy

Beginning of Book VI

Acheron, Acherontis (m) River of Hades

Lacus Avernus - Lake near Cumae and entrance to Underworlld

Charon, Charontis (m) Charon, ferryman of souls across the river Styx 

Cocytus, -i (m) river in the underworld 

Dis, Ditis (m) Pluto, Hades, god of underworld 

Hecate - Infernal version of Diana

Proserpina, -ae (f) Peresphone 

Iris, Iridis (f) Iris, messenger of Juno and goddess of the rainbow

abluo, abluere, ablui, ablutus - to wash (off)

adnitor, adniti, adnisus sum - to lean on; struggle 

aestuo (1) boil, seethe, rage

arceo, acrere, arcui - to keep off, defend 

bacchor (1) to rave, rush wildly (what are Bacchantes/Maenades?)

cado, cadere, cecidi, casus - to fall 

concutio, concutere, concussi, concussus - to shake, shatter

consuesco, consuescere, consuevi, consuetus - to be accustomed (to)+ infinitive

cognosco, cognoscere, cognovi, cognotus - to learn, come to know (in the perfect = know). 

deficio, deficere, defeci, defectus - fail, faint 

defungor, defungi, defunctus, a, um - perform, finish + ablative case

desum, deesse, defui - to be lacking; to fail + dative case

efficio, efficere, effeci, effectus - to do, effect(often used impersonally + ut + subjunctive = “it happened that.....”

fremo, fremere, fremui- roar, grown 

iaceo, iacere, iacui - to lie 

iuvo, iuvare, iuvi, iutus - to please, to help (often used impersonally) 

haereo, haerēre, haesī, haesum - to cling

haurio, haurire, hausī, haustus - to drain, drink in 

glomero (1) to gather, collect

miseror, miserari, miseratus sum - to pity

nasciscor, nascisci, nactus sum - to find, to obtain 

oro (1) to plead, to beg, to beseech, to pray 

queror, querī, questus sum - to complain 

recedo, recedere, recessī, recussus - to back, retreat

seco, secare, secui, sectus - to cut, cleave, slice

solvo, solvere, solvi, solutus - to free, loosen, set free

spargo, spargere, sparsi, sparsus - to scatter, sprinkled 

sperno, spernere, sprevi, spretus - scorn, reject

spumo (1) to foam 

vereor, verērī, veritus sum - to fear, be afraid of

verro, verrere, verri, versus - to sweep (over) 

aether, aetheris (m) upper air; heaven 

amnis, -is (m) river 

amictus, -ūs (m) cloak, robe 

calor, caloris (m) heat, warmth

canities, canitiei (f) whiteness

casus, -ūs (m) misfortune disater

casu (adv.) by change, accidentally 

comes, comitis (m/f) companion 

consilium, -ii (n) plan, counsel 

copia, -ae (f) abundance; troops, forces; supplies

culmen, culminis (n) top, summit

crinis, crinis (m) hair

folium, -i (n) leaf 

gemitus, -ūs (m) roar, groan, lament

harena, -ae (f) sand, beach 

halitus, -ūs (m) breath

heros, herois (m) hero, great warrior

lacus, -ūs (m) lake

mentum, -i (n) chin

mens, mentis (f) mind; thought, intension 

mos, moris (m) custom, manner

mors, mortis (f) death 

omen, ominis (n) omen

opera, -ae (f) effort, attention, service, hard work 

ops, opis (f) power, support ; in plural - resources; wealth, influence

opus, operis (n) work, task; fortification 

palus, paludis (f) swamp, marsh 

ramus, -i (m) brach of a tree

remus, -i (m) oar of ship

rota, -ae (f) wheel 

ripa, -ae (f) bank

rogus, -i (m) 

senectus, senectutis (f) old age 

sinus, -ūs (m) fold, boson, bay, hollow, indentation 

sors, sortis (f) lot, chance 

spatium, -ii (n) space, interval of time

torus, -i (m) couch, bed

usus, -us (m) use, need, purpose (usui is a common dative of purpose)

tumultus, -ūs (m) tumult, uprising, clamor 

vadum, -i (n) shallow, shoal 

angustus, a, um - narrow

amplus, a, um - ample, full, spacious 

crudus, a, um - raw, fresh; bloody 

expeditus, a, um - fast, unimpeded

exsanguis, -e bloodless, lifeless, pale 

examinis, -e - breathless, 

extremus, a, um - final, last, extreme

impertius, a, um - unskilled + gen. case

incolumis, -e- unharmed, safe 

incultus, a, um - wild, unkempt 

iniquus, a, um - unfair, unjust, hostile 

inhumatus, a, um - unburied 

inops, inopis (adj.) needy, destitute, bereft of

lividus, a, um - blue, dark 

sordidus, a, um - dirty, squalid 

trepidus, a, um - agitated, trembling

aliter (adv.) otherwise

non aliter quam - not otherwise than, just as (introduces a simile)

demum (adv.) at length, finally

enim - for, indeed, truly 

iuxta + acc. case = next to , close to 

inde(adv.) thence, thereupon, afterward 

quia - because

totiens - so often

totidem - the same number

ūnā (adv.) together, at the same time

Book Four, Aeneid, List One 

Be able to decline:   haec pulchrior species or hoc tōtum foedus

Elissa, ae (f) Phoenician name of Dido

Thyias, Thyiadis (f) cultic follower of Dionysus 

audeo, audere, ausus sum - to dare 

ambio, ambire, ambivi, ambitus - to go around (in search of support)

cano, canere - to sing 

excio, excire, excivi, excitus - to - to excite, rouse, stir up

foveo, fovere, fovi - to keep warm, cherish, to caress lovingly  

fraudo (1) to deprive of, to cheat out of + ablative case

fundo (1) to lay a foundation; to found

fundo, fundere, fudi, fusus - to pour

fulgeo, fulgere, fulsi - to flash; to shine bright

gaudeo, gaudere, gavisus sum - to rejoice

gigno, gignere, genui, genitus - to birth, give birth to 

mando (1) to entrust; to order

maturo (1) to hasten + complementary infinitive
meditor meditari, meditatus sum - to ponder; plan; contemplate 

misereor, misereri + genitive case = to pity

piget, pigere, piguit (impersonal verb + acc. + inf.) it displeases, its causes regret 

praetexō, praetexere praetexuī, praetextus - to weave in front; to fringe;  conceal (pretext) 

propero (1) to hurry, to hasten 

potior, potiri, potitus sum (+ abl. or gen.) to take possession of  

rumpo, rumpere, rupi, ruptus - to break, to burst (rumpens ilia) 

tollo, tollere, sustuli, sublatus - to raise, to lift up 

saevio, saevire - to rage, to be cruel 

sumo, sumere, sumpsi, sumptus - to take

surgo, surgere, surrexi, surrectus - to rise  

umeo, umere - to be wet 

volo, velle, volui - to wish 

volo, volare - to fly 

aditus, -us (m) an approach 

aether, aetheris (m) - upper air, sky 

aequor, aequoris (n) sea

arx, arcis (f) citadel

ars, artis (f) skill, art (Ars Amatoria)  

artus, -us (m) limbs

aspectus, -us (m) sight, vision 

aura, -ae (f) breeze 

classis, classis (f) fleet 

coniugium, -i (n) marriage

coma, -ae (f) hair 

conubium -i (n) marriage

custos, custodis (m) guard 

cruor, cruoris (m) blood, gore 

dolus, -i (m) trick, deception 

dulcis, dulce - sweet (est dulce rapere bovinam praedam) 

faucēs, faucium (f) the jaws, throat, mouth, entrance, jaws

foedus, foederis (n) treaty, contract 

funus, funeris (n) funeral, death 

grando, grandinis (f) hail 

laena, -ae (f) cloak

limen, liminis (n) threshold, doorway

lumen, luminis (n) light, eye

metus, -us (m) fear

mūnus, mūneris (n) gift; games; duty (munificent) 

monitus, -us (m) warning, admonition 

orgia, -orum (n. pl.) secret rites, mysteries 

otium, -ii (n) leisure, time of leisure 

planta, -ae (f) sole of foot; foot

sidus, sideris (n) star

solum, solī (n) ground 

sors, sortis (f) lot, fortune, fate, chance 

species, speciei (f) appearance 

spons, spontis (f) will, volition 

tectum, tectī (n) building, palace; shelter; roof 

aeger, aegra, aegrum - sick, weak; wounded 

alienus, a, um - foreign, alien

amarus, a, um - bitter 

bovinus, a, um - bovine (bovinity) 

caecus, a, um - blind 

conscius, a, um - privy to, aware of + dative

ensis, ensis (m) sword 

foedus, a, um - foul, disgusting 

furtivus, a, um - secret, furtive

hibernus, a, um - winter, of the winter

infestus, a, um - hostile 

incolumis, -e   - uninjured, safe

inops, inopis (adj.) lacking in wealth; devoid of + genitive case

mirabilis, mirabile - wonderous (mirabile dictu) 

mollis, -e soft; kind (mollify) 

pernix, pernicis (adj.) swift (pernicious) 

perfidus, a, um - treacherous, false; deceitful 

pinguis, pingue -fat, rich

potior, potius (comp. adj.) more powerful; stronger; more important  

saucius, a, um - wounded 

socius, a, um - allied 

tutus, a, um - safe

undosus, a, um - abounding in waves, stormy 

uxorius, a, um - under a wife’s control 

velox, velocis (adj.) swift

continuo (adv.) immediately, at once

nusquam (adv.) no where

numquam (adv.) never 

ocius (adv.) rahter quickly; quickly, speedily 

omnino (adv.) wholly, entirely, altogether

pro re (legal idiom) - for my own case

tandem (adv.) at last, finally

ultro (adv.) beyond, from the other side, in reply

Beginning of book II Vocabulary List Aeneid Vergil 

a(d)spicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spectus - to see, behold, look at 

amplector, amplectī, amplexus sum - to embrace (amplexus)

attollo, attollere - raise up, lift

aveho, avehere, avexi, avectus - to carry away, convey

careo, carere, carui + abl.  - to lack, be free from

dignor, dignari, dignatus sum + abl.   - to deem worthy

everto, evertere, eversi, eversus - to over turn; destroy 

for, farī, fatus sum - to speak 

excutio, excutere, excussī, excussus - to shake off

fugleo, fulgere - to shine, flash 

haurio, haurire, hausi, haustum - to drain, to drink in

haereo, haereo, haesi, haesum - to cling, to stick, to get stuck; be embarrassed

incedo, incedere, incessi, incessus - to go forth, stride, walk majestically 

incumbo, incumbere, incubui + dative - to lean upon, hand over

includo, inculdere, inclusi, inclusus - to enclose, confine 

insto, instare - to press on, urge + dative

iuvo, iuvare, iuvi - to please, to help (often used impersonally)

lambo (1) to lick 

lateo, latere, latui - to hide, to lurk (latent) 

ligo (1) to bind, fasten

lego, legere, lēgī, lectus - to pick, to choose 

macto (1) slaughter 

occido, occidere, occidi, occasus - to fall, to perish 

occulto (1) to hide (occult) 

pario, parere, peperi, partus - to give birth, gain, acquire

sinuo (1) fold, curve, twist (insinuate) 

statuo, statuere, statui, statutus - establish, set up 

sisto, sistere, steti, status - stand, stop, stay

sterno, sternere, stravi, stratus - to lay low; spread; strew 

suscito (1) to stir, to arouse

supero (1) to surmount, overcome

tegō, tegere, tēxī, tectus - to cover

tueor, tueri, tutus sum - to watch over; protect

ulcisor, ulicisci, ultus sum - to avenge   (Temple of Mars Ultor) 

aether, eris (m) upper air; heavens

ala, -ae (f) wing

amnis, -is (m) river 

anguis, -is (m) snake

artus, artūs (m) limb, joint, body

arx, arcis (f) citadel 

caterva, -ae (f) crowd, band

collum, -i (n) neck

collis, collis (m) hill 

conubium, -ii (n) marriage

culpa, -ae (f) fault, offense, blame

culmen, culminis (n) peak, summit, top; acme 

custos, custodis (m) guard 

dolus, -i (m) trick, fraud, deciet

dolor, doloris (m) grief; angry; pain 

ensis, -is (m) sword; knife

error, erroris (m) error; trick, deceit; a wandering

facies, faciei (m) face; appearance 

fictum, -i (n) falsehood

fragor, fragoris (m) a crashing, crashing noise

insania, -ae (f) madness, frenzy

gemitus, -ūs (m) groan, wailing 

latus, lateris (n) side, flank 

letum, -i (n) death

lignum, -i (n) wood

nepos, nepotis (m) descendent 

pulvis, pulveris (m) dust 

quisquis, quidquid (indef. pronoun) whoever, whatever

robur, roburis (m) oak; strength 

rota, -ae (f) wheel 

sermo, sermonis (m) speech, conversation 

solum, -i (n) ground, soil, earth 

sors, sortis (f) lot, chance; fate, destiny 

uterus, -i (m) womb, belly

uterque, utraque, utrumque - each, both 

vitta, -ae (f) garland, fillet

conscius, a, um - aware, privy to 

defessus, a, um - weary; exhausted 

extremus, a, um- final, last, furthest 

incolumis, -e - safe, unharmed, uninjured 

invisus, a, um - hated; hateful 

laevus, a, um - left; stupid; ill-omened 

fetus, a, um - teeming with, pregnant with 

foedus, a, um - foul, disgusting, filthy 

furtivus, a, um - stolen, secret

pernix, pernicis (adj.) swift, active 

secundus, a, um - following, favorable 

tenax, tenacis (adj.) holding

tutus, a, um - safe

umidus, a, um - damp, dewy, wet

enim (adv.)  for, indeed, truly 

denique (adv.) finally, at last 

nusquam (adv.) nowhere; never

pariter (adv.) equally, alike 

passim (adv.) everywhere, here and there 

procul (adv.) at or from a distance 

totidem - the same number; so many

totiens - so often

Vocabulary List for Aeneid, Middle of Book One

Be able to decline:  haec sola vis or quoddam infelix animal or idem altum mare

Acestes, -ae (m) king of Sicily 

Aeolus, -i (m) Aeolus, King of Wind ( from Homer's Odyssey)

Dardanus, a, um = Trojan, of Dardanus, legendary king of Troy 

Latona, -ae (f) Leto, mother of Apollo and Diana

Ilium, Ilii (n) Illium = Trot as in Iliad = story of Ilium or Ilioupersis, destruction of Troy

Iulus, -i (m) son of Aeneas AKA Ascanius, hence the Gens Iulii.  

Poeni, -orum (m. pl.) Carthaginians, Phoenicians 

Teurcri- orum (m. p.) descendant of Teucer (Who the hell is Teucer?)

Tyrius, a, um - Tyrian or of Tyre, a Phoenician city in the Levant 

Hesperia, -ae (f) land in the west

Saturnius, a, um - of Saturn

adsurgo, adsurgere, adsurrexi, adsurrectus - to rise up, to stand up 

aspicio, aspicere, aspexi, aspectus - to look at, behold, look upon 

desisto, desistere, destiti - to leave off, desist 

cieo, ciere, civi, citus - rouse, stir 

defigo, defigere, defixi, defixus - fix, to fasten 

haereo, haereo, haesi, haesum - to cling, to stick, to get stuck; be embarrassed

incedo, incedere, incessi, incessus - to go forth, stride, walk majestically 

insto, instare - to press on + dative

mollio (4) to soften

parco, parcere, peperci + dative = to spare, pardon 

populo (1) to devastate, 

stupeo, stupere, stupui - to stand fixed, to be dazed 

sumo, sumere, sumpsi, sumptus - take, use up, consume (alsoadsumo) 

surgo, surgere, surrexi, surrectus - to rise up, to stand up 

solvo, solvere, solvi, solutus - to loosen, set free; bring an end to 

veho, vehere, vexi, vectus - to convey, carry 

veto, vetere, vetui - to forbid, prevent

voluto (1) to roll over and over and over and over and over....

aequor, aequoris (n) sea, level surface of the sea 

aes, aeris (n) bronze

anima, -ae (f) soul, spirit, ghost [breath , wind, air]. Transf., [the breath of life, vital principle, soul]; 'animam edere', [to give up the ghost]; poet., [life-blood]; meton., [a living being]; sometimes = animus, [rational soul].

animus, -i (m) [the spiritual or rational principle of life in man]. More specifically: (1) [the seat of feeling , the heart]; 'animi causa', [for pleasure]; loc. (or genit.) 'animi', [at heart]. (2) [character, disposition]; as a trait of character (esp. in plur.) [courage, spirit, vivacity]; also [pride, arrogance]. (3) [the seat of the will, intention]: 'habeo in animo', [I am resolved]. (4) [the seat of thought, intellect, mind, memory, consciousness].

antrum, -i (n) cave

arx, arcis (f) citadel 

aurum, -i (n) gold

auris, -is (f) ears         

aura, -ae (f) breeze 

caterva, -ae (f) crowd

caecus, a, um - blind

clarus, a, um - clear, bright; distinguished, noble 

cura, curae (f) care, worry, anxiety (sinecure) 

discrimen, discriminis (n) a dividing line; critical moment; crisis; hardship

foedus, foederis (n) treaty, contract 

foris, -is (f) door, gate 

harena, -ae (f) sand (arena)

inceptum,  -i (n) beginning, undertaking

iuvenis, -is (m) youth 

ius, iuris (n) law

mare, maris (n) sea

moles, molis (f) a mass; undertaking, burden 

mos, moris (m) custom 

metus, -us (m) fear

officium, -ii (n) duty, kindness, favour, service 

opus, operis (n) work, labour, task 

ops, ops (f) power, influence; resources, wealth

ora, -ae (f) shore

praeda, -ae (f) booty 

ramus, -i (m) branch 

remus, -i (m) oar

sors, sortis (f) lot, chance; fate 

turbo, turbinis (m) storm; whirlwind 

vis, vis (f) force; in plural = strength 

acutus, a, um - sharp 

aetherius, a, um- of the upper air, ethereal 

ater, atra, atrum - black 

avidus, a, um - eager 

barbarus, a, um - foreign, strange, uncivilized 

crudelis, crudele- cruel, bloody 

cunctus, a, um - all 

infelix, infelicis - unhappy, ill-fated, barren 

laetus, a, um - happy 

memor, memoris (adj.) mindful, remembering + genitive 

potens, potentis (adj.) powerful, ruling over + genitive 

subnixus, a, um + abl.   resting on (from nitor, niti) 

tutus, a, um - safe

at, ast (adversative conj.) 

adhuc (adv.) to his point, till now

coram (adv.) openly, publicly, face to face

equidem - truly, indeed, certainly 

pariter (adv.) equally 

praeterea (adv.) here after, besides

quippe (adv.) of course, certain (tone?)

seu...seu (sive...sive)  - whether...or

First list for the Aeneid

Be able to decline:  haec veteris vis or illud atrum mare or hic pius vir

Verb game on: eripio, eripere, eripui, ereptus or for, fari, fatus sum 

Anchises, -ae (m) acc. = Anchisen - Trojan Prince and father of Aeneas

Argi, -orum (m. pl.) Argos, city in Greece where Juno is worshipped 

Argivus, a, um - Argive, Greek 

Danaus, a, um - Danaan, Greek

Ganymēdēs, -is (m) Trojan boy and son of Laomedon, king of Troy

Lāvīnius, a, um - Lavinian, of Lavinium 

Parcae, -arum (f) Fates 

Teucrus, a, um - Teucrian, Trojan (Teucer was a king of Troy)

Troia, -ae (f) city of Troy or Ilium

Tyrius, a, um - Tyrian, of Tyre, a Phoenician city on the coast of the Levant

Saturnius, a, um - of Saturn 

Trōs, Trōis (m) Trojan

Words of Special Significance:

fatum, fatī (n) fate

moles, molis (f) a mass, weight, burden 

pietas, pietatis (f) loyalty, devotion 

pius, a, um - dutiful 

condo, condere, condidi, conditus - to found, to establish

volvo, volvere, volui, volutus - to move in a curved course; to roll; to unroll; to undergo

vatēs, vatis (m) bard, prophet, singer; poet

accendo, accendere, accendi, accensus - to inflame; enrage 

adeo, adire, adiī, aditus - to approach, encounter 

adsum, adesse, adfui - to present, to be at hand

ardeo, ardere, arsi, arsus - to burn; be eager (an ardent arsonist) 

arceo, arcere, arcui - keep off, defend, restrain (arcane) 

cano, canere, cecinī, cantus - to sing

cerno, cernere, crevi, cretus - to discern, perceive 

doleo, dolere, dolui - to suffer, grieve, resent 

eripio, eripere, eripui, ereptus - to snatch away

for, fari, fatus sum - to speak

foveo, fovere, fovi - to cherish, fondle 

fundo, fundere, fudi, fusus - to pour (effusive) 

furo, furere, furui - to rage, rave, be frantic 

iacto (1) to toss, buffet (freq. of iacio, iacere) 

impello, impellere, impulī, impulsus - to strike against, drive, force 

incedo, incedere, incessi, incessus - to stride; go forth; walk 

labor, labi, lapsus sum - to slipe, to slide 

laedo, laedere, laesi, laesus - to hurt, strike, offend 

metuo, metuere, metui - to fear

patior, pati, passus sum - to suffer, endure; allow 

pateo, patere, patui - to lie open, to extend 

ruo, ruere, rui - fall; rush; sink

sino, sinere, sivi - to permit, allow

tendo, tendere, tetendi, tentus - to stretch

voluto (1) to turn over, roll

volvo, volvere, volui, volutus - to move in a curved course; to roll; to unroll; to undergo

aequor, aequoris (n) sea 

altum, -i (n) the deep, the sea

arx, arcis (f) citadel, fort; height

ara, ae (f) altar

arvum, -i (n) field 

aura, -ae (f) breeze, air

aurum, -i (n) gold

auris, auris (f) ear

causa, -ae (f) cause, reason 

casus, -ūs (m) misfortune, chance

cura, -ae (f) care, anxiety, 

currus, -ūs (m) chariot

cursus, ūs (m) a running, course 

dolor, doloris (m) pain, suffering, mental anguish 

dolus, dolī (m) trick, deception 

donum, -i (n) gift

fatum, -i (n) fate

fors, fortis (f) chance, fortune

fluctus, us (m) wave, tide, flood, sea

furia, -ae (f) rage, madness 

genus, generis (n) race; kind, origin, 

gens, gentis (f) clan, race, nation

litus, litoris (n) beach, shore

moenia, -ium (n) walls

numen, numinis (n) divine authority, divinity (numinous) 

ōra, -ae (f) margin, border, coastline

ōs, ōris (n) month, face (oral, orifice) 

os, ossis (n) bone (ossified) 

pontus, -i (m) sea

pons, pontis (m) bridge 

portus, -us (m) port

porta, -ae (f) gate

progenies, progeniei (f) offspring 

pelagus, -i (n) sea

pectus, pectoris (n) chest; heart; soul 

relinquiae, ārum (fe. pl.) the leavings, remnants

sidus, sideris (n) star 

socius, -i (m) ally, comrade, follower 

sanguis, -inis (m) blood (sanguine)

somnus, -i (m) sleep, slumber; dream 

turbo, turbinis (m) whirlwind 

asper, aspera, asperum - rough, harsh (per aspera ad astra) 

ater, atra, atrum - dark, black, gloomy

caelestis, -e(adj.) of the sky, heavenly

carus, a, um - dear + dative case

dives, divitis (adj.) rich (1 term.)

fessus, a, um - tired, weary 

immanis, -e- huge, monstrous, enormous 

insignis, -e- marked, distinguished 

invīsus, a, um - hated 

infelix, infelicis (adj.) unfortunate, unhappy, accursed 

inferus, a, um - low, below, underneath (infernal) 

memor, memoris (adj.) mindful + genitive case (mindfulness - whatever the hell that is)

saevus, a, um - cruel, savage

vetus, veteris (1 term. adj.) old (veteran, inveterate)

enim - for, indeed, in truth 

insuper (adv.) above, besides 

lātē (adv.) widely, far and wide 

longē (adv.) far off

necdum (adv.) not yet

olim (adv.) once upon a time, once

praeterea (adv.) besides, hereafter

qua (adv.) where, in anyway

quippe - truly, indeed surely 

una (adv.) together, at the same time 

unde - from which, whenc 

Final Caesar List

Verb game on:  cōgō, cōgere, cōēgī, cōactus or vereor, verērī, veritus sum

Be able to decline:   hoc līberum mūnus or istud turpe spatium 

cingō, cingere, cinxī, cinctus - to surround, to grid; to equip 

cōgō, cōgere, cōēgī, cōactus - to compel, to bring together

communicō (1) to share, to impart 

comprendō, comprehendere, comprehendī, comprehensus - to grasp; to seize (comprehensive, comprehension) 

concidō, concidere, concidī - to fall, to collapse 

concīdō, concīdere, concīdī, concīsus - to cut down 

contendō, contendere, condendī, contentus - to strive, to hasten 

dēfīgō, dēfīgere, dēfīxī, dēfīxus - to stick fast, 

discō, discere, didicī - to learn 

ēdūcō, ēdūcere, ēdūxī, ēductus - to lead out 

expectō, expectāre - to look out for; wait for 

haereō, haerēre - to cling (inherent) 

hauriō, haurīre, hausī, hausus - to drain, to empty 

iactō (1) to toss (frequentive) 

iūdicō, iūdicāre - to judge 

imperō (1) to command + dative of person commanded 

iuvō, iuvāre, iuvī - to help

legō, legere, lēgī, lectus - to chose, to pick

ligō, ligare - to bind, to tie 

mandō (1) to entrust 

necō, necāre - to kill 

noscō, noscere, nōvī, nōtus - to recognize, to learn, to be familiar with; to know 

pareō, parēre, paruī - to obey + dative case

pariō, parere, peperī, partus - to give birth to, to produce

parō, parāre, parāvī, parātus - to prepare (semper parātus) 

pellō, pellere, pepulī, pulsus - to drive

tangō, tangere, tetigī, tāctus - to touch (tangent, tactile)

percutiō, percutere, percussī, percussus - to strike hard

praeficiō, praeficere - to put an accusative in charge of a dative

praesum, praeesse, praefuī - to be in charge of + dative

rumpō, rumpere, rupī, ruptus - to burst 

servō (1) to save, to keep

serviō, servīre - to serve + dative

tradō, tradere, tradidī, traditus - to hand over; surrender 

transfīgō, transfīgere, transfīxī, transfīxus - to pierce, thrust through 

tegō, tegere, texī, tectus - to cover

vehō, vehere, vēxī, vectus - to carry, to convey 

vereor, verērī, veritus sum - to fear 

versor (1) to be engaged; to be turned 

aequor, aequoris (n) level surface; sea 

aditus, aditūs (m) approach, access (ad + eo) 

anima, animae (f) breath, spirit, soul 

animus, animī (m) mind, heart; spirit, courage

biduum, biduī (n) two day period 

caedēs, caedis (f) slaughter, murder 

certamen, certaminis (n) contest, conflict 

copia, copiae (f) supply, abundance; in plural: troops, forces

facinus, facinoris (n) crime, bad deed; deed 

fās (indecl.) right, just according to divine law

foedus, foederis (n) treaty; contract 

ignis, ignis (m) fire 

inopia, -ae (f) poverty, want 

lapis, lapidis (m) stone 

liber, librī (m) book

modus, modī (m) manner, form; measure 

morbus, morbī (m) disease, illness

mūnus, mūneris (n) service, duty, gift; tax

mundus, mundī (m) world, universe

nefās (indecl.) wrong, not just according to divine law

obsidiō, obsidiōnis (f) seige

plērusque, plēraque, plērumque - very many

spatium, spatiī (n) space 

supplicium, -iī (n) punishment 

tectum, tectī (n) roof, building, hall, palace 

vāgīna, -ae (f) sheath 

ambo, ambae ambo - both (ambidextrous) 

caelestis, caeleste - celestial, heavenly 

creber, crebra, crebrum - frequent 

cupidus, a, um - desirous (Kamya est cupida mordendārum ursārum)

gratia, gratiae (f) favour, influence; thanks

immanis, immane- immense, enormous 

immitis, immite   - fierce, cruel (Virginia est immitis)

insignis, insigne- distinguished, remarkable 

indignus, a, um - unworthy of + ABLATIVE CASE (Trey est indignus magnā laude)

invisus, a, um - hated, hateful, odious 

memor, menoris (adj.) mindful, remembering + genitive case

- unwilling

memor, menoris (adj.) mindful, remembering + genitive case

idōneus, a, um - suited to 

imperitus, a, um - unskilled, inexperienced 

impius, impia, impium - unholy, impious 

incommodus, a, um - unfortunate, disastrous 

līber, lībera, līberum - free; as substantive = children

reliquus, a, um - the remaining, the rest

superior, superius - higher, earlier 

temerārius, a, um - rash, inconsiderate 

turpis, turpe - ugly, shameful 

tumulus, tumulī (m) pile, heap, mound, hill 

cōnfestim (adv.) immediately

inde - from there, then

modo (adv.) only, recently, just now 

nam - for

necdum - not yet

nē…quidem = not even   

praeter (prep. + acc.) beyond, past

quippe - surely, indeed

quoad - until, as far as, as long as 

quotannis - every year, yearly 

unde - from where, whence

Caesar Vocabulary List - Book 5 (end) and 6

1) Be able to decline:          carus vaults;  magnum munus;  hoc os;   nullum numen

2) Expect verb game on:     for, fari, fatus sum and colo, colere, colui, cultus

fertur = he, she, it is said

abdo, abdere, abdidi, abditus - to put away, hide, remove, secrete

cano, canere, cecini, cantus - to sing 

colo, colere, colui, cultus - to worship; to cultivate 

comprehendo, comprehendere, comprehendi - seize, grasp, arrest

condo, condere, condidi, conditus - to found, establish

conor, conari, conatus sum - to try 

confido, confidere, confisus sum (semi-transvestite) + dative  = to trust 

conspicor (1) to catch sight of; perceive 

contego, contegere, contexi, contextum - cover over

deficio, deficere, defeci, defectum - to give out, to fail 

dimico (1) to brandish weapon; contend 

excido, excidere - to fall from, perish 

fertur = he, she, it is said

for, fari, fatus sum - to speak

foveo, fovere -to keep warm; cherish, support

iacto (1) to toss, buffet

immolo (1) to sacrifice , immolate 

impello, impellere, impuli, impulsus - to drive, force, strike 

laedo, laedere, laesi, laesum - to hurt, injure; offend 

metuo, metuere, metui - fear, dread 

patior, pati, passus sum - to suffer, endure; to allow + acc. + inf. 

rego, regere, rexi, rectum - to rule, lead, direct 

servo, servare - to keep, preserve 

sino, sinere, sivi, situs - permit, allow 

succurro, succurrere - to aid, run to support + dative 

versor (1) to be engaged in 

volvo, volvere, volvi, volutus - to wind, roll, twist

alter, altera, alterum (-ius paradigm) the other, another, one…the other

altum, -i (n) the deep; the sea 

aequor, aequoris (n) a flat level surface; the sea

arx, arcis (f) citadel 

causa, -ae (f) cause, reason; case                    

casus, -us (m) chance; misfortune, disaster    casū = by chance

conspectus, -us (m) look, sight, view

currus, -us (m) chariot 

excidium, -ii (n) destruction, overthrow 

fama, -ae (f) rumour, story, report

furiae, -arum (f) madness, rage 

furtum, -i (n) theft, robbery 

gens, gentis (f) race, clan

iniuria, -ae (f) injury, wrong

litus, litoris (n) shore 

moenia, -ium (n. pl.) walls

moles, molis (f) mass, burden, difficulty 

morbus, -i (m) disease, sickness, illness

munus, muneris (n) service, duty; gift 

noxia, -ae (f) fault, offence, crime

numen, numinis (n) divine spirit, divine power

opinio, opinionis (f) opinion, thought, belief 

opus, operis (n) task, work; fortification; need 

ops, opis (f) help, resources, power, wealth 

ora, orae (f) shore

os, oris (n) mouth; face

os, ossis (n) bone

pilum, -i (n) spear

progenies, progeniei (f) offspring 

quisquam, quaequam, quidquam - anybody, anyone, anything

sanguis, sanguinis (m) blood; family, race 

sal, salis (n) salt 

verutum, -i (n) javalin 

vultus, -us (m) face; expression 

asper, aspera, asperum - harsh, rough, fierce 

caelestis, caeleste - celestial, heavenly 

carus, a, um - dear + dative case

confertus, a, um - crowded together, densely packed 

dives, divitis (adj.) wealthy, rich 

immanis, immane- immense, enormous 

immitis, immite   - fierce, cruel 

insignis, insigne- distinguished, remarkable 

indignus, a, um - unworthy of + ABLATIVE CASE

invisus,a, um - hated, hateful, odious 

memor, menoris (adj.) mindful, remembering + genitive case

saevus, a, um - cruel 

tot (indecl. adj.)  so many

quot (indecl. adj.) how many? 

turpis, turpe - shameful, ugly, vile 

uter, utra, utrum?  Which of two (-ius paradigm)

uterque, utraque, utrumque - each of two

vetus, veteris (adj.) old 

vivus, a, um - living, alive

admodum (adv.) completely, just about

causā + preceding genitive = "for the sake of" 

clam (adv.) in secret

circum + acc.  = around 

dum (subord. conj.) + indicative = while 

dum (subord. conj.) + subjunctive = until 

enim - for, indeed, in truth 

magis (adv.) more, rather

necdum - not yet

nondum - not yet 

ob + acc.  - on account of 

palam (adv.) openly, publicly

paulatim (adv.) little by little

qua (adv.) where, in any way 

quoque (adv.) also 

fertur = he, she, it is said

List Four for De Bello Gallico

Expect a verb game and be able to decline:  istud triste numen

adipiscor, adipisci, adeptus sum - to obtain, get

adhaereo, adhaerere, adhaesi - to cling to, to stick to

comperio, comperire, comperi, compertus - to find out; to discover 

concedo, concedere - to withdraw 

consisto, consistere, constiti - to stand (still), to stop

concido, concidere, concidi, concisum - to cut down 

constipo (1) to crowd together in, to stuff

confido, confidere, confisus sum (semi-deponent) - to believe, to trust, to rely on + dative

conficio, conficere, confeci, confectus - to exhaust; to finish 

insto, instare, institi - press on, take position 

irrumpo, irrumpere, irrupi, irruptus, a, um - burst in 

ligo (1) to tie, bind (ligament) 

moror, morari, moratus sum - to delay, linger

morior, mori, mortuus sum - to die

nascor, nasci, natus sum - to be born 

nitor, niti, nixus or nisus sum - to rely on (+abl. case); to struggle to + infinitive 

noceo, nocere, nocui, nocitus - to harm + dative case [often used impersonally  in Caesar: ipsi Titurio nihil nocitum iri = "that no harm will be done to Titurius himself"]

procedo, procedere, processi, processum - to proceed, to advance 

prodo, prodere, prodidi, proditus - to bring fourth; betray 

progredior, progredi, progessus sum - to advance 

subvenio, subvenire, subveni - come up to; aid, relieve 

sumo, sumere, sumpsi, sumptus - to take; spend 

tollo, tollere, sustuli, sublatus - raise; destroy 

soleo, solere, solitus sum - to be accustomed to + infinitive 

versor (1) to be engaged, move about; to live 

vereor, vereri, veritus sum - to fear, be afraid

adventus, -us (m) arrival (advent)

aedes, aedis (f) building; temple 

aetas, aetatis (f) age, time of life

auctoritas, auctoritatis (f) influence, clout

beneficium, -ii (n) kindness, favour, benefit 

caedes, caedis (f) murder, slaughter, killing

casus, -us (m) chance; misfortune, disaster 

certamen, certaminis (n) contest, conflict

cor, cordis (n) heart 

epistula, -ae (f) letter, missive

facinus, facinoris (n) deed; bad deed; crime 

fama, -ae (f) rumour, story, hearsay 

fas (n. indeclinable) right or just according to divine law (opposite is nefas). 

gratia, -ae (f) influence, favour; thanks

iniuria, -ae (f) wrong, injury, injustice 

ius, iuris (n) justice, law, right

liberi, - orum (m) children 

moles, molis (f) a mass, a weight 

morbus, -i (m) disease, sickness, illness

poena, -ae (f) punishment 

nutus, -us (m) a nod

numen, numinis (n) divine spirit; divinity 

obsidio, obsidionis (f) siege, blockade 

ratio, rationis (f) - a reckoning , account, consideration, calculation; 'rationem ducere', [to compute]; [any transaction, affair, business; a reason, motive, ground; a plan, scheme, system; reasonableness, method, order; a theory, doctrine, science; the reasoning faculty].

scutum, -i (n) shield 

turris, -is (f) tower (Italian torre)   

vagina, -ae (f) sheath, scabbard 

vallum, -i (n) rampart, wall 

acer, acris, acre - sharp; fierce; bitter; eager (acrid) 

asper, aspera, asperum - rough, harsh, violent

confertus, a, um - crowded together 

creber, crebra, crebrum - crowded, frequent

cupidus, a, um - desirous, eager 

immanis, -e enormous, immense 

inferus, a, um - below, lower 

impeditus, a, um-  hindered, impeded 

impius, a, um - impious, unholy 

incolumis -e [uninjured , safe and sound]

quidam, quaedam, quoddam (indefinite adj.)  a certain 

quinam, quaenam, quodnam - which, that

quispiam, quaepiam, quodpiam - who?, what? 

repentinus, a, um - sudden

turpis, -e- ugly, shameful, disgusting (turpitude) 

uter, utra, utrum - which of two? 

vivus, a, um - living, alive 

admodum (adv.) completely, just about

aut...aut (conjunctions) either...or 

bis (adv.) twice 

deinceps (adv.) one after another, successively 

intus (adv.) within 

intra (prep.+ acc.) within, among 

confestim (adv.) immediately 

ne...quidem = not even

neve - or not, and not, nor 

nondum (adv.) not yet

pridie (adv.) on the day before, on the previous day. 

quidem - infact, indeed

quoque - and also, also 

rursus (adv.) again, back 

sicut - just as, so as 

extra (prep. + acc.) outside, beyond, outside of

List Three - Caesar, De Bello Gallico

Be able to decline:  hoc opus &  eadem fides

Expect verb game on the back for repello or pario

adipiscor, adipisci, adeptus sum - get, obtain, reach 

ardeo, ardere, arsi, arsus - to burn; to be eager 

cado, cadere, cecidi, casus - to fall 

cedo, cedere, cessi, cessus - to move, to withdraw 

cingo, cingere, cinxi, cinctus - to surround 

coepi, coepisse, coeptum - to begin (defective verb) 

concito (1) to incite, stir, impel 

confiteor, confiteri, confessus sum - to admit, to reveal 

confido, confidere, confisus sum - to trust, believe (semi-deponent) 

conspicio, conspicere, conspexi, conspectus - to see, to behold 

consulo, consulere, consului, consultus - to consult, to consider

compleo, complere, complevi, completus - to fill 

debeo, debere, debui, debitus - to owe; ought

despero (1) to give up, to have not hope

disco, discere, didici - to learn, get to know 

excito (1) excite, inspire; raise 

excedo, excedere, excessi, excessus - to go out

impetro (1) to obtain, accomplish 

interpono, interponere, interposui - to introduce 

labor, labi, lapsus sum - to slipe, glide 

minuo, minuere, minui - to diminish 

munio, (4) to fortify 

nanciscor, nancisci, nactus sum - to obtain, meet

nascor, nasci, natus sum - to be born 

nosco, noscere, novi, notus - to recognize; know, learn  

nego (1) to deny, to say ...not 

nitor, niti, nisus sum - to lean on; to rely on 

paro (1) to prepare (semper paratus)

pareo, parere, parui - to obey + dative

pario, parere, peperi, partus - to produce, bear 

pendeo, pendere, pependi, pensus - pay, weigh, to hang 

polliceor, polliceri, pollicitus sum - to promise, offer

probo (1) to approve, demonstrate

repello, repellere, repuli, repulsus - drive back, repulse 

tollo, tollere, subtuli, sublatus - raise; destroy 

vereor, vereri, veritus sum - to be afraid, fear

ulciscor, ulcisci, ultus sum - to avenge, take vengeance 

aditus, -us (m) approach, entrance 

auctoritas, auctoritatis (f) influence, clout 

casus, -us (m) misfortune, change

centurio, centurionis (m) centurion 

circuitus, -us (m) circumference, circuit 

contumelia, -ae (f) insult, outrage; violence 

fames, famis (f) hunger

fama, -ae (f) story, rumor; reputation 

familiaris, -e- of the family; close friend 

fides, fidei (f) faith, honor, trust 

fletus, -us (m) weeping 

hiems, hiemis (f) winter

hiberna, -orum (n. Pl.) winter-camp

inopia, -ae (f) poverty, want, need

ignis, -is (m) fire 

meritum, -i (n) service, favour

mos, moris (m) custom, habit, manner (mos maiorum, mores)

negotium, -ii (n) business, a task 

officium, -ii (n) duty 

opus, operis (n) work, toil; defenses 

opera, -ae (f) effort, attention 

ops, opis (f) power, resources, influence

praesidium, -ii (n) guard, protection 

pietas, pietatis (f) devotion/loyalty to family, state/nations and gods

ratio, rationis (f) an accounting, reasoning 

scala, -ae (f) ladder, stairs 

sententia, -ae (f) opinion, purpose 

sermo, sermonis (m) conversation, speech 

studium, -ii (n) eagerness, zeal 

stipendium, -i (n) pay; military service 

voluntas, voluntatis (f) wish, will, choice 

vulgus, -i (n) mass, mob

aeger, aegra, aegrum - sick, weak 

alacer, alacris, alacere - eager, spirited 

amplus, a, um - ample, full, spacious 

confertus, a, um - crowded together 

humilis, -e- on the ground; humble, low

incommodus, a, um - unfortunate, disastrous 

incolumis, -e- uninjured, safe

indignus, a, um + ablative= unworthy, undeserving 

idoneus, a, um - suitable, appropriate + dative case

levis, -e - light (opposite of gravis, -e)

par, paris - equal, similar + dative

repentinus, a, um - sudden, unexpected 

saucius, a, -um - wounded 

adeo, (adv.) to such an extent 

apud + acc. = in the presence of, with, among

casū (adv.) by chance

confestim (adv.) immediately 

eiusmodi - of this kind, of such a kind, so 

intra + acc.   = within 

inter + acc= between, among 

procul (adv.) far off, at a distance

quotiens - as often as

quoniam - since 

nondum (adv.) not yet

paene (adv.) almost 

rursus (adv.) again, backward

sive…sive or seu…seu - whether, or 

tametsi - even if, although 

unde - whence, from where

vero (postpositive)  in fact

Vocabulary List Two for Caesar - Mostly Martial Words

  "Them's Fighten' Words" or Words of a Mostly Martial Nature.

Be able to decline:   eadem magna acies           haec fortis manus       illa tota pars

attingo, attingere, attigī, attāctus to touch against; touch, reach, arrive at, border (ad + tango)

animadverto, animadvertere, animadverti, animadversum -  turn mind to, notice

conspicio, conspire, conspexi, conspectus -  to look at attentively, to get sight of, to descry, perceive

contendo, contendere, contendi, contentus - to stretch completely; stretch, strain,

conicio, conicere, conieci, coniectus - to hurl, to throw

consuesco, consuescere, consuevi, consuetus - to be accustomed (to)+ infinitive

cognosco, cognoscere, cognovi, cognotus - to learn, come to know (in the perfect = know). 

contendo, contendere, contendi, contentus - to struggle, vie, fight 

dedo, dedere, dedidi, deditus - to give up, surrender 

desum, deesse, defui - to be lacking; to fail + dative case

expugno (1) to take by storm, capture

existimo (1) to judge, consider, think 

efficio, efficere, effeci, effectus - to do, effect(often used impersonally + ut + subjunctive = “it happened that.....”

gero, gerere, gessi, gestum - to wage, conduct, accomplish; wear

incolo, incolere - to dwell, to inhabit  

incito (1) to drive forward, incite 

munio (4) to fortify 

nasciscor, nascisci, nactus sum - to find, to obtain

nascor, nasci, natus sum - to be born 

potior, potiri, potitus sum + ABL or GEN.  = to gain possession of 

probo (1) approve, commend

praecedo, praecedere, praecessi - to go before, excel 

procedo, procedere, processi, processus - to advance, go forward 

proficiscor, proficisci, profectus sum - to set out  

subvenio, subvenire, subveni, subventum - to come to the aid of + dative

acies, aciei (f) battle line; battle; edge, line of sight 

agmen, agminis (n) marching line (novissimum agmen = rear of theline)

auxilium, -ii (n) help 

castra, -arum (n) camp

cohors, cohortis (f) cohort

cornu, -us (n) wing (of an army); horn 

copiae, -arum (f) troops

equites, equitum (m. pl.) cavalry

equitatus, -us (m) cavalry 

eruptio, eruptionis (f) a breaking out

exercitus, -us (m) army

fossa, -ae (f) ditch 

frumentum, -i (n) grain, (in plural = crops)

gladius, -ii (m) sword

impedimentum, -i (n) impediment, obstacle, (in plural = baggage train)

impetus, -us (m) attack 

latus, lateris (n) side; flank

legatus, -i (m) envoy; lieutenant general

legio, legionis (f) legion (3600-6000 milites) 

manus, -us (f) hand; band or group of soldiers

miles, militis (m) soldier

munitio, munitionis (f) fortification 

murus, -i (m) wall 

obsidio, obsidionis (f) siege, blockade 

pars, partis (f) part, side; direction

passus, -us (m) step, pace

pilum, i (n) javelin 

praesidium, -ii (n) guard

proelium, -ii (n)  battle

profectio, profectionis (f) departure, setting out 

salus, salutis (f) safety, salvation 

scutum, -i (n) shield 

subsidium, -ii (n) help, reinforcement, support

telum, -i (n) weapon; spear 

turris, turris (turrim and turrium) (f) tower

usus, -us (m) use (of used as a dative of purpose by Caesar)

vigilia, -ae (f) watch (military)

vallum, -i (n) rampart; wall 

virtus, virtutis (f) courage, valour 

expeditus, a, um- lightly armed 

fortis, forte (adj.) brave, strong

paratus, a, um - prepared

reliquus, a, um - remaining, the rest

tardus, a, um - slow 

apud (prep. + acc.) near, among, in the presence of 

ne...quidem = not even (surrounds the word that it emphasizes) 

qua (relative) where

fere (adv.) nearly, almost

praeterea (adv.) besides, moreover

procul (adv.) at a distance, far away

prope (adv.) near

propterea quod - because, on account of the fact that

Phrases or Idioms:

Res est testimonio - “the matter is for (the purpose of) evidence”

capere consilium  - to adopt plan 

de summis rebus - “concerning the most serious circumstances”

in ipso negotio: 'in the midst of action'.

ad hunc modum - in this manner

in perpetuum - forever 

se receperunt - they retreated

longe lateque - far and wide

eodem die - on the same day 

subductis navibus - ships drawn up 

magna manu - with a large group of men 

summo loco - in the highest position

milia passuum - a Roman mile 

numero hostium habēre - to consider as an enemy

End of Aeneid Book IV & the Beginning of Book VI

Acheron, Acherontis (m) River of Hades

Lacus Avernus - Lake near Cumae and entrance to Underworlld

Charon, Charontis (m) Charon, ferryman of souls across the river Styx 

Cocytus, -i (m) river in the underworld 

Dis, Ditis (m) Pluto, Hades, god of underworld 

Hecate - Infernal version of Diana

Proserpina, -ae (f) Peresphone 

Iris, Iridis (f) Iris, messenger of Juno and goddess of the rainbow

abluo, abluere, ablui, ablutus - to wash (off)

adnitor, adniti, adnisus sum - to lean on; struggle 

aestuo (1) boil, seethe, rage

arceo, acrere, arcui - to keep off, defend 

bacchor (1) to rave, rush wildly (what are Bacchantes/Maenades?)

cado, cadere, cecidi, casus - to fall 

concutio, concutere, concussi, concussus - to shake, shatter

consuesco, consuescere, consuevi, consuetus - to be accustomed (to)+ infinitive

cognosco, cognoscere, cognovi, cognotus - to learn, come to know (in the perfect = know). 

deficio, deficere, defeci, defectus - fail, faint 

defungor, defungi, defunctus, a, um - perform, finish + ablative case

desum, deesse, defui - to be lacking; to fail + dative case

efficio, efficere, effeci, effectus - to do, effect(often used impersonally + ut + subjunctive = “it happened that.....”

fremo, fremere, fremui- roar, grown 

iaceo, iacere, iacui - to lie 

iuvo, iuvare, iuvi, iutus - to please, to help (often used impersonally) 

haereo, haerēre, haesī, haesum - to cling

haurio, haurire, hausī, haustus - to drain, drink in 

glomero (1) to gather, collect

miseror, miserari, miseratus sum - to pity

nasciscor, nascisci, nactus sum - to find, to obtain 

oro (1) to plead, to beg, to beseech, to pray 

queror, querī, questus sum - to complain 

recedo, recedere, recessī, recussus - to back, retreat

seco, secare, secui, sectus - to cut, cleave, slice

solvo, solvere, solvi, solutus - to free, loosen, set free

spargo, spargere, sparsi, sparsus - to scatter, sprinkled 

sperno, spernere, sprevi, spretus - scorn, reject

spumo (1) to foam 

vereor, verērī, veritus sum - to fear, be afraid of

verro, verrere, verri, versus - to sweep (over) 

aether, aetheris (m) upper air; heaven 

amnis, -is (m) river 

amictus, -ūs (m) cloak, robe 

calor, caloris (m) heat, warmth

canities, canitiei (f) whiteness

casus, -ūs (m) misfortune disater

casu (adv.) by change, accidentally 

comes, comitis (m/f) companion 

consilium, -ii (n) plan, counsel 

copia, -ae (f) abundance; troops, forces; supplies

culmen, culminis (n) top, summit

crinis, crinis (m) hair

folium, -i (n) leaf 

gemitus, -ūs (m) roar, groan, lament

harena, -ae (f) sand, beach 

halitus, -ūs (m) breath

heros, herois (m) hero, great warrior

lacus, -ūs (m) lake

mentum, -i (n) chin

mens, mentis (f) mind; thought, intension 

mos, moris (m) custom, manner

mors, mortis (f) death 

omen, ominis (n) omen

opera, -ae (f) effort, attention, service, hard work 

ops, opis (f) power, support ; in plural - resources; wealth, influence

opus, operis (n) work, task; fortification 

palus, paludis (f) swamp, marsh 

ramus, -i (m) brach of a tree

remus, -i (m) oar of ship

rota, -ae (f) wheel 

ripa, -ae (f) bank

rogus, -i (m) 

senectus, senectutis (f) old age 

sinus, -ūs (m) fold, boson, bay, hollow, indentation 

sors, sortis (f) lot, chance 

spatium, -ii (n) space, interval of time

torus, -i (m) couch, bed

usus, -us (m) use, need, purpose (usui is a common dative of purpose)

tumultus, -ūs (m) tumult, uprising, clamor 

vadum, -i (n) shallow, shoal 

angustus, a, um - narrow

amplus, a, um - ample, full, spacious 

crudus, a, um - raw, fresh; bloody 

expeditus, a, um - fast, unimpeded

exsanguis, -e bloodless, lifeless, pale 

examinis, -e - breathless, 

extremus, a, um - final, last, extreme

impertius, a, um - unskilled + gen. case

incolumis, -e- unharmed, safe 

incultus, a, um - wild, unkempt 

iniquus, a, um - unfair, unjust, hostile 

inhumatus, a, um - unburied 

inops, inopis (adj.) needy, destitute, bereft of

lividus, a, um - blue, dark 

sordidus, a, um - dirty, squalid 

trepidus, a, um - agitated, trembling

aliter (adv.) otherwise

non aliter quam - not otherwise than, just as (introduces a simile)

demum (adv.) at length, finally

enim - for, indeed, truly 

iuxta + acc. case = next to , close to 

inde(adv.) thence, thereupon, afterward 

quia - because

totiens - so often

totidem - the same number

ūnā (adv.) together, at the same time

Book Four, Aeneid, List One 

Be able to decline:   haec species or totum foedus

Elissa, ae (f) Phoenician name of Dido

Thyias, Thyiadis (f) cultic following of Dionysus 

ambio, ambire, ambivi, ambitus - to go around in search of support

excio, excire, excivi, excitus - to - to excite, rouse, stir up

foveo, fovere, fovi - to keep warm, cherish 

fraudo (1) to deprive of, to cheat out of + ablative case

fundo (1) to lay a foundation; to found

fulgeo, fulgere, fulsi - to flash; to shine bright

mando (1) to entrust; to order

meditor meditari, meditatus sum - to ponder; plan; contemplate 

misereor, misereri + genitive case = to pity

piget, pigere, piguit (impersonal verb + acc. + inf.) it displeases, its causes regret 

propero (1) to hurry, to hasten 

potior, potiri, potitus sum (+ abl. or gen.) to take possession of  

rumpo, rumpere, rupi, ruptus - to break, to burst 

saevio, saevire - to rage, to be cruel 

sumo, sumere, sumpsi, sumptus - to take

surgo, surgere, surrexi, surrectus - to rise  

umeo, umere - to be wet

aequor, aequoris (n) sea

arx, arcis (f) citadel 

artus, -us (m) limbs

aspectus, -us (m) sight, vision 

coniugium, i (n) marriage

conubium -i (n) marriage

dolus, -i (m) trick, deception 

foedus, foederis (n) treaty, contract 

funus, funeris (n) funeral, death 

laena, -ae (f) cloak

metus, -us (m) fear

monitus, -us (m) warning, admonition 

orgia, -orum (n. pl.) secret rites, mysteries 

otium, -ii (n) leisure, time of leisure 

planta, -ae (f) sole of foot; foot

sidus, sideris (n) star

sors, sortis (f) lot, fortune, fate, chance 

species, speciei (f) appearance 

spons, spontis (f) will, volition 

aeger, aegra, aegrum - sick, weak; wounded 

alienus, a, um - foreign, alien

foedus, a, um - foul, disgusting 

furtivus, a, um - secret, furtive

hibernus, a, um - winter, of the winter

incolumis, -e   - uninjured, safe

inops, inopis (adj.) lacking in wealth; devoid of + genitive case

mirabilis, mirabile - wonderous (mirabile dictu) 

mollis, -esoft; kind 

pernix, pernicis (adj.) swift 

perfidus, a, um - treacherous, false; deceitful 

potior, potius (comp. adj.) more powerful; stronger 

tutus, a, um - safe

undosus, a, um - abounding in waves, stormy 

uxorius, a, um - under a wife’s control 

velox, velocis (adj.) swift

continuo (adv.) immediately, at once

nusquam (adv.) no where

numquam (adv.) never 

ocius (adv.) quickly, speedily 

omnino (adv.) 

pro re (legal idiom) - for my own case

tandem (adv.) at last, finally

ultro (adv.) beyond, from the other side, in reply

Beginning of book II Vocabulary List Aeneid Vergil 

a(d)spicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spectus - to see, behold, look at 

amplector, amplectī, amplexus sum - to embrace (amplexus - mating position of frogs)

attollo, attollere - raise up, lift

aveho, avehere, avexi, avectus - to carry away, convey

careo, carere, carui + abl.  - to lack, be free from

dignor, dignari, dignatus sum + abl.   - to deem worthy

everto, evertere, eversi, eversus - to over turn; destroy 

for, farī, fatus sum - to speak 

excutio, excutere, excussī, excussus - to shake off

fugleo, fulgere - to shine, flash 

haurio, haurire, hausi, haustum - to drain, to drink in

haereo, haereo, haesi, haesum - to cling, to stick, to get stuck; be embarrassed

incedo, incedere, incessi, incessus - to go forth, stride, walk majestically 

incumbo, incumbere, incubui + dative - to lean upon, hand over

includo, inculdere, inclusi, inclusus - to enclose, confine 

insto, instare - to press on, urge + dative

iuvo, iuvare, iuvi - to please, to help (often used impersonally)

lambo (1) to lick 

lateo, latere, latui - to hide, to lurk (latent) 

ligo (1) to bind, fasten

lego, legere, lēgī, lectus - to pick, to choose 

macto (1) slaughter 

occido, occidere, occidi, occasus - to fall, to perish 

occulto (1) to hide (occult) 

pario, parere, peperi, partus - to give birth, gain, acquire

sinuo (1) fold, curve, twist (insinuate) 

statuo, statuere, statui, statutus - establish, set up 

sisto, sistere, steti, status - stand, stop, stay

sterno, sternere, stravi, stratus - to lay low; spread; strew 

suscito (1) to stir, to arouse

supero (1) to surmount, overcome

tegō, tegere, tēxī, tectus - to cover

tueor, tueri, tutus sum - to watch over; protect

ulcisor, ulicisci, ultus sum - to avenge   (Temple of Mars Ultor) 

aether, eris (m) upper air; heavens

ala, -ae (f) wing

amnis, -is (m) river 

anguis, -is (m) snake

artus, artūs (m) limb, joint, body

arx, arcis (f) citadel 

caterva, -ae (f) crowd, band

collum, -i (n) neck

collis, collis (m) hill 

conubium, -ii (n) marriage

culpa, -ae (f) fault, offense, blame

culmen, culminis (n) peak, summit, top; acme 

custos, custodis (m) guard 

dolus, -i (m) trick, fraud, deciet

dolor, doloris (m) grief; angry; pain 

ensis, -is (m) sword; knife

error, erroris (m) error; trick, deceit; a wandering

facies, faciei (m) face; appearance 

fictum, -i (n) falsehood

insania, -ae (f) madness, frenzy

gemitus, -ūs (m) groan, wailing 

latus, lateris (n) side, flank 

letum, -i (n) death

lignum, -i (n) wood

nepos, nepotis (m) descendent 

pulvis, pulveris (m) dust 

quisquis, quidquid (indef. pronoun) whoever, whatever

robur, roburis (m) oak; strength 

rota, -ae (f) wheel 

sermo, sermonis (m) speech, conversation 

solum, -i (n) ground, soil, earth 

sors, sortis (f) lot, chance; fate, destiny 

uterus, -i (m) womb, belly

uterque, utraque, utrumque - each, both 

vitta, -ae (f) garland, fillet

conscius, a, um - aware, privy to 

defessus, a, um - weary; exhausted 

extremus, a, um- final, last, furthest 

incolumis, -e - safe, unharmed, uninjured 

invisus, a, um - hated; hateful 

laevus, a, um - left; stupid; ill-omened 

fetus, a, um - teeming with, pregnant with 

foedus, a, um - foul, disgusting, filthy 

furtivus, a, um - stolen, secret

pernix, pernicis (adj.) swift, active 

secundus, a, um - following, favorable 

tenax, tenacis (adj.) holding

tutus, a, um - safe

umidus, a, um - damp, dewy, wet

enim (adv.)  for, indeed, truly 

denique (adv.) finally, at last 

nusquam (adv.) nowhere; never

pariter (adv.) equally, alike 

passim (adv.) everywhere, here and there 

procul (adv.) at or from a distance 

totidem - the same number; so many

totiens - so often

Vocabulary List for Aeneid, Middle of Book One

Be able to decline:  haec vis or illud mare or lītus ipsum

Acestes, -ae (m) king of Sicily

Aeolus, -i (m) Aeolus, King of Wind ( from Homer's Odyssey)

Dardanus, a, um = Trojan, of Dardanus, legendary king of Troy 

Latona, -ae (f) Leto, mother of Apollo and Diana

Ilium, Ilii (n) Illium = Trot as in Iliad = story of Ilium or Ilioupersis, destruction of Troy

Iulus, -i (m) son of Aeneas AKA Ascanius, hence the Gens Iulii.  

Poeni, -orum (m. pl.) Carthaginians, Phoenicians 

Teurcri- orum (m. p.) descendant of Teucer (Who the hell is Teucer?)

Tyrius, a, um - Tyrian or of Tyre, a Phoenician city in the Levant 

Hesperia, -ae (f) land in the west

Saturnius, a, um - of Saturn

adsurgo, adsurgere, adsurrexi, adsurrectus - to rise up, to stand up 

aspicio, aspicere, aspexi, aspectus - to look at, behold, look upon 

desisto, desistere, destiti - to leave off, desist 

cieo, ciere, civi, citus - rouse, stir 

defigo, defigere, defixi, defixus - fix, to fasten 

haereo, haereo, haesi, haesum - to cling, to stick, to get stuck; be embarrassed

incedo, incedere, incessi, incessus - to go forth, stride, walk majestically 

insto, instare - to press on + dative

mollio (4) to soften

parco, parcere, peperci + dative = to spare, pardon 

populo (1) to devastate, 

stupeo, stupere, stupui - to stand fixed, to be dazed 

sumo, sumere, sumpsi, sumptus - take, use up, consume (alsoadsumo) 

surgo, surgere, surrexi, surrectus - to rise up, to stand up 

solvo, solvere, solvi, solutus - to loosen, set free; bring an end to 

veho, vehere, vexi, vectus - to convey, carry 

veto, vetere, vetui - to forbid, prevent

voluto (1) to roll over and over and over and over and over....

aequor, aequoris (n) sea, level surface of the sea 

aes, aeris (n) bronze

anima, -ae (f) soul, spirit, ghost [breath , wind, air]. Transf., [the breath of life, vital principle, soul]; 'animam edere', [to give up the ghost]; poet., [life-blood]; meton., [a living being]; sometimes = animus, [rational soul].

animus, -i (m) [the spiritual or rational principle of life in man]. More specifically: (1) [the seat of feeling , the heart]; 'animi causa', [for pleasure]; loc. (or genit.) 'animi', [at heart]. (2) [character, disposition]; as a trait of character (esp. in plur.) [courage, spirit, vivacity]; also [pride, arrogance]. (3) [the seat of the will, intention]: 'habeo in animo', [I am resolved]. (4) [the seat of thought, intellect, mind, memory, consciousness].

antrum, -i (n) 

arx, arcis (f) citadel 

aurum, - (n) gold

auris, -is (f) ears         

aura, -ae (f) breeze 

caterva, -ae (f) crowd

caecus, a, um - blind

clarus, a, um - clear, bright; distinguished, noble 

cura, ae (f) care, worry, anxiety 

discrimen, discriminis (n) a dividing line; critical moment; crisis; hardship

foedus, foederis (n) treaty, contract 

foris, -is (f) door, gate 

harena, -ae (f) sand

inceptum, , -i (n) beginning, undertaking

iuvenis, -is (m) youth 

ius, iuris (n) law

mare, maris (n) sea

moles, molis (f) a mass; undertaking, burden 

mos, moris (m) custom 

metus, -us (m) fear

noxa, -ae (f) crime

officium, -ii (n) duty, kindness, favour

opus, operis (n) work, labour, task 

ops, ops (f) power, influence; resources, wealth

ora, -ae (f) shore

praeda, -ae (f) booty 

ramus, i (m) branch 

remus, -i (m) oar

sors, sortis (f) lot, chance; fate 

turbo, turbinis (m) storm; whirlwind 

vis, vis (f) force; in plural = strength 

acutus, a, um - sharp 

aetherius, a, um- of the upper air, ethereal 

ater, atra, atrum - black 

avidus, a, um - eager 

barbarus, a, um - foreign, strange, uncivilized 

crudelis, -e- cruel, bloody 

cunctus, a, um - all 

infelix, infelicis - unhappy, ill-fated, barren 

laetus, a, um - happy 

memor, memoris (adj.) mindful, remembering + genitive 

potens, potentis (adj.) powerful, ruling over + genitive 

subnixus, a, um + abl.   resting on 

tutus, a, um - safe

at, ast (adversative conj.) 

adhuc (adv.) to his point, till now

coram (adv.) openly, publicly, face to face

equidem - truly, indeed, certainly 

pariter (adv.) equally 

praeterea (adv.) here after, besides

quippe (adv.) of course, certain (tone?)

seu...seu  - whether...or

First list for the Aeneid

Be able to decline:  haec vis or illud mare or litus ipsum

Anchises, -ae (m) acc. =Anchisen - Trojan Prince and father of Aeneas

Argi, -orum (m. pl.) Argos, city in Greece where Juno is worshipped 

Argivus, a, um - Argive, Greek 

Danaus, a, um - Danaan, Greek

Ganymēdēs, -is (m) Trojan boy and son of Laomedon, king of Troy

Lāvīnius, a, um - Lavinian, of Lavinium 

Parcae, -arum (f) Fates 

Teucrus, a, um - Teucrian, Trojan (Teucer was a king of Troy)

Troia, -ae (f) city of Troy or Ilium

Tyrius, a, um - Tyrian, of Tyre, a Phoenician city on the coast of the Levant

Saturnius, a, um - of Saturn 

Trōs, Trōis (m) Trojan

Words of Special Significance:

moles, molis (f) a mass, weight, burden 

pietas, pietatis (f) 

pius, a, um 

condo, condere, condidi, conditus

volvo, volvere, volui, volutus - to move in a curved course; to roll; to unroll; to undergo

vatēs, vatis (m) bard, prophet, singer; poet

accendo, accendere, accendi, accensus - to inflame; enrage 

adeo, adire, adiī, aditus - to approach, encounter 

ardeo, ardere, arsi, arsus - to burn; be eager

arceo, arcere, arcui - keep off, defend, restrain 

cano, canere, cecinī, cantus - to sing

cerno, cernere, crevi, cretus - to discern, perceive 

doleo, dolere, dolui - to suffer, grieve, resent 

eripio, eripere, eripui, ereptus - to snatch away

for, fari, fatus sum - to speak

foveo, fovere, fovi - to cherish, fondle 

fundo, fundere, fudi, fusus - to pour 

furo, furere, furui - to rage, rave, be frantic 

iacto (1) to toss, buffet 

impello, impellere, impulī, impulsus - to strike against, drive, force 

incedo, incedere, incessi, incessus - to stride; go forth; walk 

labor, labi, lapsus sum - to slipe, to slide 

laedo, laedere, laesi, laesus - to hurt, strike, offend 

metuo, metuere, metui - to fear

patior, pati, passus sum - to suffer, endure; allow 

ruo, ruere, rui - fall; rush; sink

sino, sinere, sivi - to permit, allow

tendo, tendere, tetendi, tentus - to stretch

voluto (1) to turn over, roll

volvo, volvere, volui, volutus - to move in a curved course; to roll; to unroll; to undergo

aequor, aequoris (n) sea 

altum, -i (n) the deep, the sea

arx, arcis (f) citadel, fort; height

ara, ae (f) altar

arvum, -i (n) field 

aura, -ae (f) breeze, air

aurum, -i (n) gold

causa, -ae (f) cause, reason 

casus, -ūs (m) misfortune, chance

cura, -ae (f) care, anxiety, 

currus, -ūs (m) chariot

donum, -i (n) gift

fatum, -i (n) fate

fors, fortis (f) chance, fortune

fluctus, us (m) wave, tide, flood, sea

furia, -ae (f) rage, madness 

genus, generis (n) race; kind, origin, 

gens, gentis (f) clan, race, nation

litus, litoris (n) shore

moenia, -ium (n) walls

numen, numinis (n) divine authority, divinity

ora, -ae (f) shore 

pontus, -i (m) sea

portus, -us (m) port

porta, -ae (f) gate

progenies, progeniei (f) offspring 

pelagus, -i (n) sea

pectus, pectoris (n) chest; heart; soul 

relinquiae, ārum (fe. pl.) the leavings, remnants

sidus, sideris (n) star

socius, -i (m) ally, comrade, follower 

sanguis, -inis (m) blood

somnus, -i (m) sleep, slumber; dream 

turbo, turbinis (m) whirlwind 

vetus, veteris (adj.) old 

asper, aspera, asperum - rough, harsh 

ater, atra, atrum - dark, black, gloomy

caelestis, -e(adj.) of the sky, heavenly

carus, a, um - dear + dative case

dives, divitis (adj.) rich 

fessus, a, um - tired, weary 

immanis, -e- huge, monstrous, enormous 

insignis, -e- marked, distinguished 

invīsus, a, um - hated 

infelix, infelicis (adj.) unfortunate, unhappy, accursed 

inferus, a, um - low, below, underneath

memor, memoris (adj.) mindful + genitive case

saevus, a, um - cruel, savage

enim - for, indeed, in truth 

insuper (adv.) above, besides 

lātē (adv.) widely, far and wide 

longe (adv.) far off

necdum (adv.) not yet

olim (adv.) once upon a time, once

praeterea (adv.) besides, hereafter

qua (adv.) where, in anyway

quippe - truly, indeed surely 

una (adv.) together, at the same time 

unde - from which, whenc 

Caesar Vocabulary List - Book 5 (end) and 6

1) Be able to decline:          carus vaults;  magnum munus;  hoc os;   nullum numen

2) Expect verb game on:     for, fari, fatus sum and colo, colere, colui, cultus

fertur = he, she, it is said

abdo, abdere, abdidi, abditus - to put away, hide, remove, secrete

cano, canere, cecini, cantus - to sing 

colo, colere, colui, cultus - to worship; to cultivate 

comprehendo, comprehendere, comprehendi - seize, grasp, arrest

condo, condere, condidi, conditus - to found, establish

conor, conari, conatus sum - to try 

confido, confidere, confisus sum (semi-transvestite) + dative  = to trust 

conspicor (1) to catch sight of; perceive 

contego, contegere, contexi, contextum - cover over

deficio, deficere, defeci, defectum - to give out, to fail 

dimico (1) to brandish weapon; contend 

excido, excidere - to fall from, perish 

fertur = he, she, it is said

for, fari, fatus sum - to speak

foveo, fovere -to keep warm; cherish, support

iacto (1) to toss, buffet

immolo (1) to sacrifice , immolate 

impello, impellere, impuli, impulsus - to drive, force, strike 

laedo, laedere, laesi, laesum - to hurt, injure; offend 

metuo, metuere, metui - fear, dread 

patior, pati, passus sum - to suffer, endure; to allow + acc. + inf. 

rego, regere, rexi, rectum - to rule, lead, direct 

servo, servare - to keep, preserve 

sino, sinere, sivi, situs - permit, allow 

succurro, succurrere - to aid, run to support + dative 

versor (1) to be engaged in 

volvo, volvere, volvi, volutus - to wind, roll, twist

alter, altera, alterum (-ius paradigm) the other, another, one…the other

altum, -i (n) the deep; the sea 

aequor, aequoris (n) a flat level surface; the sea

arx, arcis (f) citadel 

causa, -ae (f) cause, reason; case                    

casus, -us (m) chance; misfortune, disaster

conspectus, -us (m) look, sight, view

currus, -us (m) chariot 

excidium, -ii (n) destruction, overthrow 

fama, -ae (f) rumour, story, report

furiae, -arum (f) madness, rage 

furtum, -i (n) theft, robbery 

gens, gentis (f) race, clan

iniuria, -ae (f) injury, wrong

litus, litoris (n) shore 

moenia, -ium (n. pl.) walls

moles, molis (f) mass, burden, difficulty 

morbus, -i (m) disease, sickness, illness

munus, muneris (n) service, duty; gift 

noxia, -ae (f) fault, offence, crime

numen, numinis (n) divine spirit, divine power

opinio, opinionis (f) opinion, thought, belief 

opus, operis (n) task, work; fortification; need 

ops, opis (f) help, resources, power, wealth 

ora, orae (f) shore

os, oris (n) mouth; face

os, ossis (n) bone

pilum, -i (n) spear

progenies, progeniei (f) offspring 

quisquam, quaequam, quidquam - anybody, anyone, anything

sanguis, sanguinis (m) blood; family, race 

sal, salis (n) salt 

verutum, -i (n) javalin 

vultus, -us (m) face; expression 

asper, aspera, asperum - harsh, rough, fierce 

caelestis, caeleste - celestial, heavenly 

carus, a, um - dear + dative case

confertus, a, um - crowded together, densely packed 

dives, divitis (adj.) wealthy, rich 

immanis, immane- immense, enormous 

immitis, immite   - fierce, cruel 

insignis, insigne- distinguished, remarkable 

invisus,a, um - hated, hateful, odious 

memor, menoris (adj.) mindful, remembering + genitive case

saevus, a, um - cruel 

tot (indecl. adj.) so many

turpis, turpe - shameful, ugly, vile 

uter, utra, utrum?  Which of two (-ius paradigm)

vetus, veteris (adj.) old 

vivus, a, um - living, alive

admodum (adv.) completely, just about

causā + preceding genitive = "for the sake of" 

clam (adv.) in secret

circum + acc.  = around 

dum (subord. conj.) + indicative = while 

dum (subord. conj.) + subjunctive = until 

enim - for, indeed, in truth 

magis (adv.) more, rather

necdum - not yet

nondum - not yet 

ob + acc.  - on account of 

palam (adv.) openly, publicly

paulatim (adv.) little by little

qua (adv.) where, in any way 

quoque (adv.) also 

fertur = he, she, it is said

List Four for De Bello Gallico

adipiscor, adipisci, adeptus sum - to obtain, get

adhaereo, adhaerere, adhaesi - to cling to, to stick to

comperio, comperire, comperi, compertus - to find out; to discover 

concedo, concedere - to withdraw 

consisto, consistere, constiti - to stand (still), to stop

concido, concidere, concidi, concisum - to cut down 

constipo (1) to crowd together in, to stuff

confido, confidere, confisus sum (semi-deponent) - to believe, to trust, to rely on 

conficio, -ere - to exhaust; to finish 

insto, instare, institi - press on, take position 

irrumpo, irrumpere, irrupi, irruptus, a, um - burst in 

ligo (1) to tie, bind (ligament) 

moror, morari, moratus sum - to delay, linger

morior, mori, mortuus sum - to die

nascor, nasci, natus sum - to be born 

nitor, niti, nixus or nisus sum - to rely on (+abl. case); to struggle to + infinitive 

noceo, nocere, nocui, nocitus - to harm + dative case [often used impersonally  in Caesar: ipsi Titurio nihil nocitum iri = "that no harm will be done to Titurius himself"]

procedo, procedere, processi, processum - to proceed, to advance 

prodo, prodere, prodidi, proditus - to bring fourth; betray 

progredior, progredi, progessus sum - to advance 

subvenio, subvenire, subveni - come up to; aid, relieve 

sumo, sumere, sumpsi, sumptus - to take; spend 

tollo, tollere, sustuli, sublatus - raise; destroy 

soleo, solere, solitus sum - to be accustomed to + infinitive 

versor (1) to be engaged, move about; to live 

vereor, vereri, veritus sum - fear, be afraid

adventus, -us (m) arrival (advent)

aedes, aedis (f) building; temple 

aetas, aetatis (f) age, time of life

auctoritas, auctoritatis (f) influence, clout

beneficium, -ii (n) kindness, favour, benefit 

caedes, caedis (f) murder, slaughter, killing

casus, -us (m) chance; misfortune, disaster 

certamen, certaminis (n) contest, conflict

cor, cordis (n) heart 

epistula, -ae (f) letter, missive

facinus, facinoris (n) deed; bad deed; crime 

fama, -ae (f) rumour, story, hearsay 

fas (n. indeclinable) right or just according to divine law (opposite is nefas). 

gratia, -ae (f) influence, favour; thanks

iniuria, -ae (f) wrong, injury, injustice 

ius, iuris (n) justice, law, right

liberi, - orum (m) children 

moles, molis (f) a mass, a weight 

morbus, -i (m) disease, sickness, illness

poena, -ae (f) punishment 

nutus, -us (m) a nod

numen, numinis (f) divine spirit; divinity 

obsidio, obsidionis (f) siege, blockade 

ratio, rationis (f) - a reckoning , account, consideration, calculation; 'rationem ducere', [to compute]; [any transaction, affair, business; a reason, motive, ground; a plan, scheme, system; reasonableness, method, order; a theory, doctrine, science; the reasoning faculty].

scutum, -i (n) shield 

turris, -is (f) tower (Italian torre)   

vagina, -ae (f) sheath, scabbard 

vallum, -i (n) rampart, wall 

acer, acris, acre - sharp; fierce; bitter; eager (acrid) 

asper, aspera, asperum - rough, harsh, violent

confertus, a, um - crowded together 

creber, crebra, crebrum - crowded, frequent

cupidus, a, um - desirous, eager 

immanis, -e enormous, immense 

inferus, a, um - below, lower 

impeditus, a, um-  hindered, impeded 

impius, a, um - impious, unholy 

incolumis -e [uninjured , safe and sound]

quidam, quaedam, quoddam (indefinite adj.)  a certain 

quinam, quaenam, quodnam - which, that

quispiam, quaepiam, quodpiam - who?, what? 

repentinus, a, um - sudden

turpis, -e- ugly, shameful, disgusting (turpitude) 

uter, utra, utrum - which of two? 

vivus, a, um - living, alive 

admodum (adv.) completely, just about

aut...aut (conjunctions) either...or 

bis (adv.) twice 

deinceps (adv.) one after another, successively 

intus (adv.) within 

intra (prep.+ acc.) within, among 

confestim (adv.) immediately 

ne...quidem = not even

neve - or not, and not, nor 

nondum (adv.) not yet

pridie (adv.) on the day before, on the previous day. 

quidem - infact, indeed

quoque - and also, also 

rursus (adv.) again, back 

sicut - just as, so as 

extra (prep. + acc.) outside, beyond, outside of

Phrases or Idioms:

Res est testimonio - “the matter is for (the purpose of) evidence”

de summis rebus - “concerning the most serious circumstances”

in ipso negotio: 'in the midst of action'.

ad hunc modum - in this manner

in perpetuum - forever 

se receperunt - they retreated

longe lateque - far and wide

eodem die - on the same day 

subductis navibus - ships drawn up 

magna manu - with a large group of men 

summo loco - in the highest position

List Three - Caesar, De Bello Gallico

Be able to decline:  hoc opus &  eadem fides

adipiscor, adipisci, adeptus sum - get, obtain, reach 

ardeo, ardere, arsi, arsus - to burn; to be eager 

cado, cadere, cecidi, casus - to fall 

cedo, cedere, cessi, cessus - to move, to withdraw 

cingo, cingere, cinxi, cinctus - to surround 

coepi, coepisse, coeptum - to begin (defective verb) 

concito (1) to incite, stir, impel 

confiteor, confiteri, confessus sum - to admit, to reveal 

confido, confidere, confisus sum - to trust, believe 

conspicio, conspicere, conspexi, conspectus - to see, to behold 

consulo, consulere, consului, consultus - to consult, to consider

compleo, complere, complevi, completus - to fill 

debeo, debere, debui, debitus - to owe; ought

despero (1) to give up, to have not hope

disco, discere, didici - to learn, get to know 

excito (1) excite, inspire; raise 

excedo, excedere, excessi, excessus - to go out

impetro (1) to obtain, accomplish 

interpono, interponere, interposui - to introduce 

labor, labi, lapsus sum - to slipe, glide 

minuo, minuere, minui - to diminish 

munio, (4) to fortify 

nanciscor, nancisci, nactus sum - to obtain, meet

nascor, nasci, natus sum - to be born 

nosco, noscere, novi, notus - to recognize; know, learn  

nego (1) to deny, to say ...not 

nitor, niti, nisus sum - to lean on; to rely on 

paro (1) to prepare

pareo, parere, parui - to obey + dative

pario, parere, peperi, partus - to produce, bear 

pendeo, pendere, pependi, pensus - pay, weigh, to hang 

polliceor, polliceri, pollicitus sum - to promise, offer

probo (1) to approve, demonstrate

repello, repellere, repuli, repulsus - drive back, repulse 

tollo, tollere, subtuli, sublatus - raise; destroy 

vereor, vereri, veritus sum - to be afraid, fear

ulciscor, ulcisci, ultus sum - to avenge, take vengeance 

aditus, -us (m) approach, entrance 

auctoritas, auctoritatis (f) influence, clout 

centurio, centurionis (m) centurion 

circuitus, -us (m) circumference, circuit 

contumelia, -ae (f) insult, outrage; violence 

fames, famis (f) hunger

fama, -ae (f) story, rumor; reputation 

familiaris, -e- of the family; close friend 

fides, fidei (f) faith, honor, trust 

fletus, -us (m) weeping 

hiems, hiemis (f) winter

hiberna, -orum (n. Pl.) winter-camp

inopia, -ae (f) poverty, want, need

ignis, -is (m) fire

meritum, -i (n) service, favour

mos, moris (m) custom, habit, manner

negotium, -ii (n) business, a task 

opus, operis (n) work, toil; defenses 

opera, -ae (f) effort, attention 

ops, opis (f) power, resources, influence

praesidium, -ii (n) guard, protection

pietas, pietatis (f) devotion/loyalty to family, state/nations and gods

ratio, rationis (f) an accounting, reasoning 

scala, -ae (f) ladder, stairs 

sententia, -ae (f) opinion, purpose 

sermo, sermonis (m) conversation, speech 

studium, -ii (n) eagerness, zeal 

stipendium, -i (n) pay; military service 

voluntas, voluntatis (f) wish, will, choice 

vulgus, -i (n) mass, mob

aeger, aegra, aegrum - sick, weak 

alacer, alacris, alacere - eager, spirited 

amplus, a, um - ample, full, spacious 

confertus, a, um - crowded together 

humilis, -e- on the ground; humble, low

incommodus, a, um - unfortunate, disastrous 

incolumis, -e- uninjured, safe

indignus, a, um + ablative= unworthy, undeserving 

idoneus, a, um - suitable, appropriate + dative case

levis, -e - light

par, paris - equal, similar 

repentinus, a, um - sudden, unexpected 

saucius, a, -um - wounded 

adeo, (av.) to such an extent 

apud + acc. = in the presence of, with, among

confestim (adv.) immediately 

eiusmodi - of this kind, of such a kind, so 

intra + acc.   = within 

inter + acc= between, among 

procul (adv.) far off, at a distance

quotiens - as often as

quoniam - since 

nondum (adv.) not yet

paene (adv.) almost 

rursus (adv.) again, backward

sive…sive or seu…seu - whether, or 

tametsi - even if, although 

unde - whence, from where

vero - in truth, in fact

Phrases or Idioms:

Res est testimonio - “the matter is for (the purpose of) evidence”

de summis rebus - “concerning the most serious circumstances”

in ipso negotio: 'in the midst of action'.

ad hunc modum - in this manner

in perpetuum - forever 

se receperunt - they retreated

longe lateque - far and wide

eodem die - on the same day 

subductis navibus - ship drawn up 

magna manu - with a large group of men 

summo loco - in the highest position

Vocabulary List Two for Caesar - Mostly Martial Words

  "Them's Fighten' Words" or Words of a Mostly Martial Nature.

conicio, conicere, conieci, coniectus (con + iacio) - to hurl, to throw

consuesco, consuescere, consuevi, consuetus - to be accustomed (to)+ infinitive

cognosco, cognoscere, cognovi, cognotus - to learn, come to know (in the perfect = know). 

contendo, contendere, contendi, contentus - to struggle, vie, fight 

dedo, dedere, dedidi, deditus - to give up, surrender 

desum, deesse, defui - to be lacking; to fail + dative case

expugno (1) to take by storm, capture

existimo (1) to judge, consider, think 

efficio, efficere, effeci, effectus - to do, effect(often used impersonally + ut + subjunctive = “it happened that.....”

gero, gerere, gessi, gestum - to wage, conduct, accomplish; wear

incolo, incolere - to dwell 

incito (1) to drive forward, incite 

munio (4) to fortify 

nasciscor, nascisci, nactus sum - to find, to obtain

probo (1) approve, commend

praecedo, praecedere, praecessi - to go before, excel 

procedo, procedere, processi, processus - to advance, go forward 

proficiscor, proficisci, profectus sum - to set out  

subvenio, subvenire, subveni, subventum - to come to the aid of + dative

subsequor, subsequi, secutus sum - to follow after, to follow closely; to succeed 

succurro, succurrere- to run to aid + dative 

acies, aciei (f) battle line

agmen, agminis (n) marching line (novissimum agmen = rear of theline)

auxilium, -ii (n) help 

castra, -arum (n) camp

cohors, cohortis (f) cohort

cornu, -us (n) wing (of an army); horn 

copiae, -arum (f) troops

equites, equitum (m. pl.) cavalry

equitatus, -us (m) cavalry 

eruptio, eruptionis (f) a breaking out

exercitus, -us (m) army

fossa, -ae (f) ditch 

frumentum, -i (n) grain, (in plural = crops)

gladius, -ii (m) sword

impedimentum, -i (n) impediment, obstacle, (in plural = baggage train)

impetus, -us (m) attack 

latus, lateris (n) side; flank

legatus, -i (m) envoy; lieutenant

legio, legionis (f) legion 

manus, -us (f) hand; band or group of soldiers

miles, militis (m) soldier

munitio, munitionis (f) fortification 

murus, -i (m) wall 

obsidio, obsidionis (f) siege, blockade 

pars, partis (f) part, side; direction

passus, -us (m) step, pace

pilum, i (n) javelin 

praesidium, -ii (n) guard

proelium, -ii (n)  battle

profectio, profectionis (f) departure, setting out 

salus, salutis (f) safety, salvation 

scutum, -i (n) shield 

subsidium, -ii (n) help, reinforcement, support

telum, -i (n) weapon; spear 

turris, turris, turrium (f) tower

usus, -us (m) use (of used as a dative of purpose by Caesar)

vigilia, -ae (f) watch (military)

vallum, -i (n) rampart; wall 

virtus, virtutis (f) courage, valour 

expeditus, a, um- lightly armed 

fortis, forte (adj.) brave, strong

paratus, a, um - prepared

reliquus, a, um - remaining, the rest

tardus, a, um - slow 

ne...quidem = not even (surrounds the word that it emphasizes) 

qua (relative) where

fere (adv.) nearly, almost

plerumque (adv.) generally, usually; often

praeterea (adv.) besides, moreover

procul (adv.) at a distance, far away

prope (adv.) near

propterea quod - because, on account of the fact that

End of Aeneid Book IV & the Beginning of Book VI

Acheron, Acherontis (m) River of Hades

Lacus Avernus - Lake near Cumae and entrance to Underworlld

Charon, Charontis (m) Charon, ferryman of souls across the river Styx 

Cocytus, -i (m) river in the underworld 

Dis, Ditis (m) Pluto, Hades, god of underworld 

Hecate - Infernal version of Diana

Proserpina, -ae (f) Peresphone 

Iris, Iridis (f) Iris, messenger of Juno and goddess of the rainbow

abluo, abluere, ablui, ablutus - to wash (off)

adnitor, adniti, adnisus sum - to lean on; struggle 

aestuo (1) boil, seethe, rage

arceo, acrere, arcui - to keep off, defend 

bacchor (1) to rave, rush wildly (what are Bacchantes/Maenades?)

cado, cadere, cecidi, casus - to fall 

concutio, concutere, concussi, concussus - to shake, shatter

consuesco, consuescere, consuevi, consuetus - to be accustomed (to)+ infinitive

cognosco, cognoscere, cognovi, cognotus - to learn, come to know (in the perfect = know). 

deficio, deficere, defeci, defectus - fail, faint 

defungor, defungi, defunctus, a, um - perform, finish + ablative case

desum, deesse, defui - to be lacking; to fail + dative case

efficio, efficere, effeci, effectus - to do, effect(often used impersonally + ut + subjunctive = “it happened that.....”

fremo, fremere, fremui- roar, grown 

iaceo, iacere, iacui - to lie 

iuvo, iuvare, iuvi, iutus - to please, to help (often used impersonally) 

haereo, haerēre, haesī, haesum - to cling

haurio, haurire, hausī, haustus - to drain, drink in 

glomero (1) to gather, collect

miseror, miserari, miseratus sum - to pity

nasciscor, nascisci, nactus sum - to find, to obtain 

oro (1) to plead, to beg, to beseech, to pray 

queror, querī, questus sum - to complain 

recedo, recedere, recessī, recussus - to back, retreat

seco, secare, secui, sectus - to cut, cleave, slice

solvo, solvere, solvi, solutus - to free, loosen, set free

spargo, spargere, sparsi, sparsus - to scatter, sprinkled 

sperno, spernere, sprevi, spretus - scorn, reject

spumo (1) to foam 

vereor, verērī, veritus sum - to fear, be afraid of

verro, verrere, verri, versus - to sweep (over) 

aether, aetheris (m) upper air; heaven 

amnis, -is (m) river 

amictus, -ūs (m) cloak, robe 

calor, caloris (m) heat, warmth

canities, canitiei (f) whiteness

casus, -ūs (m) misfortune disater

casu (adv.) by change, accidentally 

comes, comitis (m/f) companion 

consilium, -ii (n) plan, counsel 

copia, -ae (f) abundance; troops, forces; supplies

culmen, culminis (n) top, summit

crinis, crinis (m) hair

folium, -i (n) leaf 

gemitus, -ūs (m) roar, groan, lament

harena, -ae (f) sand, beach 

halitus, -ūs (m) breath

heros, herois (m) hero, great warrior

lacus, -ūs (m) lake

mentum, -i (n) chin

mens, mentis (f) mind; thought, intension 

mos, moris (m) custom, manner

mors, mortis (f) death 

omen, ominis (n) omen

opera, -ae (f) effort, attention, service, hard work 

ops, opis (f) power, support ; in plural - resources; wealth, influence

opus, operis (n) work, task; fortification 

palus, paludis (f) swamp, marsh 

ramus, -i (m) brach of a tree

remus, -i (m) oar of ship

rota, -ae (f) wheel 

ripa, -ae (f) bank

rogus, -i (m) 

senectus, senectutis (f) old age 

sinus, -ūs (m) fold, boson, bay, hollow, indentation 

sors, sortis (f) lot, chance 

spatium, -ii (n) space, interval of time

torus, -i (m) couch, bed

usus, -us (m) use, need, purpose (usui is a common dative of purpose)

tumultus, -ūs (m) tumult, uprising, clamor 

vadum, -i (n) shallow, shoal 

angustus, a, um - narrow

amplus, a, um - ample, full, spacious 

crudus, a, um - raw, fresh; bloody 

expeditus, a, um - fast, unimpeded

exsanguis, -e bloodless, lifeless, pale 

examinis, -e - breathless, 

extremus, a, um - final, last, extreme

impertius, a, um - unskilled + gen. case

incolumis, -e- unharmed, safe 

incultus, a, um - wild, unkempt 

iniquus, a, um - unfair, unjust, hostile 

inhumatus, a, um - unburied 

inops, inopis (adj.) needy, destitute, bereft of

lividus, a, um - blue, dark 

sordidus, a, um - dirty, squalid 

trepidus, a, um - agitated, trembling

aliter (adv.) otherwise

non aliter quam - not otherwise than, just as (introduces a simile)

demum (adv.) at length, finally

enim - for, indeed, truly 

iuxta + acc. case = next to , close to 

inde(adv.) thence, thereupon, afterward 

quia - because

totiens - so often

totidem - the same number

ūnā (adv.) together, at the same time

Book Four, Aeneid, List One 

Be able to decline:   haec species or totum foedus

Elissa, ae (f) Phoenician name of Dido

Thyias, Thyiadis (f) cultic following of Dionysus 

ambio, ambire, ambivi, ambitus - to go around in search of support

excio, excire, excivi, excitus - to - to excite, rouse, stir up

foveo, fovere, fovi - to keep warm, cherish 

fraudo (1) to deprive of, to cheat out of + ablative case

fundo (1) to lay a foundation; to found

fulgeo, fulgere, fulsi - to flash; to shine bright

mando (1) to entrust; to order

meditor meditari, meditatus sum - to ponder; plan; contemplate 

misereor, misereri + genitive case = to pity

piget, pigere, piguit (impersonal verb + acc. + inf.) it displeases, its causes regret 

propero (1) to hurry, to hasten 

potior, potiri, potitus sum (+ abl. or gen.) to take possession of  

rumpo, rumpere, rupi, ruptus - to break, to burst 

saevio, saevire - to rage, to be cruel 

sumo, sumere, sumpsi, sumptus - to take

surgo, surgere, surrexi, surrectus - to rise  

umeo, umere - to be wet

aequor, aequoris (n) sea

arx, arcis (f) citadel 

artus, -us (m) limbs

aspectus, -us (m) sight, vision 

coniugium, i (n) marriage

conubium -i (n) marriage

dolus, -i (m) trick, deception 

foedus, foederis (n) treaty, contract 

funus, funeris (n) funeral, death 

laena, -ae (f) cloak

metus, -us (m) fear

monitus, -us (m) warning, admonition 

orgia, -orum (n. pl.) secret rites, mysteries 

otium, -ii (n) leisure, time of leisure 

planta, -ae (f) sole of foot; foot

sidus, sideris (n) star

sors, sortis (f) lot, fortune, fate, chance 

species, speciei (f) appearance 

spons, spontis (f) will, volition 

aeger, aegra, aegrum - sick, weak; wounded 

alienus, a, um - foreign, alien

foedus, a, um - foul, disgusting 

furtivus, a, um - secret, furtive

hibernus, a, um - winter, of the winter

incolumis, -e   - uninjured, safe

inops, inopis (adj.) lacking in wealth; devoid of + genitive case

mirabilis, mirabile - wonderous (mirabile dictu) 

mollis, -esoft; kind 

pernix, pernicis (adj.) swift 

perfidus, a, um - treacherous, false; deceitful 

potior, potius (comp. adj.) more powerful; stronger 

tutus, a, um - safe

undosus, a, um - abounding in waves, stormy 

uxorius, a, um - under a wife’s control 

velox, velocis (adj.) swift

continuo (adv.) immediately, at once

nusquam (adv.) no where

numquam (adv.) never 

ocius (adv.) quickly, speedily 

omnino (adv.) 

pro re (legal idiom) - for my own case

tandem (adv.) at last, finally

ultro (adv.) beyond, from the other side, in reply

Beginning of book II Vocabulary List Aeneid Vergil 

a(d)spicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spectus - to see, behold, look at 

amplector, amplectī, amplexus sum - to embrace (amplexus - mating position of frogs)

attollo, attollere - raise up, lift

aveho, avehere, avexi, avectus - to carry away, convey

careo, carere, carui + abl.  - to lack, be free from

dignor, dignari, dignatus sum + abl.   - to deem worthy

everto, evertere, eversi, eversus - to over turn; destroy 

for, farī, fatus sum - to speak 

excutio, excutere, excussī, excussus - to shake off

fugleo, fulgere - to shine, flash 

haurio, haurire, hausi, haustum - to drain, to drink in

haereo, haereo, haesi, haesum - to cling, to stick, to get stuck; be embarrassed

incedo, incedere, incessi, incessus - to go forth, stride, walk majestically 

incumbo, incumbere, incubui + dative - to lean upon, hand over

includo, inculdere, inclusi, inclusus - to enclose, confine 

insto, instare - to press on, urge + dative

iuvo, iuvare, iuvi - to please, to help (often used impersonally)

lambo (1) to lick 

lateo, latere, latui - to hide, to lurk (latent) 

ligo (1) to bind, fasten

lego, legere, lēgī, lectus - to pick, to choose 

macto (1) slaughter 

occido, occidere, occidi, occasus - to fall, to perish 

occulto (1) to hide (occult) 

pario, parere, peperi, partus - to give birth, gain, acquire

sinuo (1) fold, curve, twist (insinuate) 

statuo, statuere, statui, statutus - establish, set up 

sisto, sistere, steti, status - stand, stop, stay

sterno, sternere, stravi, stratus - to lay low; spread; strew 

suscito (1) to stir, to arouse

supero (1) to surmount, overcome

tegō, tegere, tēxī, tectus - to cover

tueor, tueri, tutus sum - to watch over; protect

ulcisor, ulicisci, ultus sum - to avenge   (Temple of Mars Ultor) 

aether, eris (m) upper air; heavens

ala, -ae (f) wings

amnis, -is (m) river 

anguis, -is (m) snake

artus, artūs (m) limb, joint, body

arx, arcis (f) citadel 

caterva, -ae (f) crowd, band

collum, -i (n) neck

collis, collis (m) hill 

conubium, -ii (n) marriage

culpa, -ae (f) fault, offense, blame

culmen, culminis (n) peak, summit, top; acme 

custos, custodis (m) guard 

dolus, -i (m) trick, fraud, deciet

dolor, doloris (m) grief; angry; pain 

ensis, -is (m) sword; knife

error, erroris (m) error; trick, deceit; a wandering

facies, faciei (m) face; appearance 

fictum, -i (n) falsehood

insania, -ae (f) madness, frenzy

gemitus, -ūs (m) groan, wailing 

latus, lateris (n) side, flank 

letum, -i (n) death

lignum, -i (n) wood

nepos, nepotis (m) descendent 

pulvis, pulveris (m) dust 

quisquis, quidquid (indef. pronoun) whoever, whatever

robur, roburis (m) oak; strength 

rota, -ae (f) wheel 

sermo, sermonis (m) speech, conversation 

solum, -i (n) ground, soil, earth 

sors, sortis (f) lot, chance; fate, destiny 

uterus, -i (m) womb, belly

uterque, utraque, utrumque - each, both 

vitta, -ae (f) garland, fillet

conscius, a, um - aware, privy to 

defessus, a, um - weary; exhausted 

extremus, a, um- final, last, furthest 

incolumis, -e - safe, unharmed, uninjured 

invisus, a, um - hated; hateful 

laevus, a, um - left; stupid; ill-omened 

fetus, a, um - teeming with, pregnant with 

foedus, a, um - foul, disgusting, filthy 

furtivus, a, um - stolen, secret

pernix, pernicis (adj.) swift, active 

secundus, a, um - following, favorable 

tenax, tenacis (adj.) holding

tutus, a, um - safe

umidus, a, um - damp, dewy, wet

enim (adv.)  for, indeed, truly 

denique (adv.) finally, at last 

nusquam (adv.) nowhere; never

pariter (adv.) equally, alike 

passim (adv.) everywhere

procul (adv.) at or from a distance 

totidem - the same number; so many

totiens - so often

Vocabulary List for Aeneid, Middle of Book One

Be able to decline:  haec vis or illud mare or lītus ipsum

Acestes, -ae (m) king of Sicily

Aeolus, -i (m) Aeolus, King of Wind ( from Homer's Odyssey)

Dardanus, a, um = Trojan, of Dardanus, legendary king of Troy 

Latona, -ae (f) Leto, mother of Apollo and Diana

Ilium, Ilii (n) Illium = Trot as in Iliad = story of Ilium or Ilioupersis, destruction of Troy

Iulus, -i (m) son of Aeneas AKA Ascanius, hence the Gens Iulii.  

Poeni, -orum (m. pl.) Carthaginians, Phoenicians 

Teurcri- orum (m. p.) descendant of Teucer (Who the hell is Teucer?)

Tyrius, a, um - Tyrian or of Tyre, a Phoenician city in the Levant 

Hesperia, -ae (f) land in the west

Saturnius, a, um - of Saturn

adsurgo, adsurgere, adsurrexi, adsurrectus - to rise up, to stand up 

aspicio, aspicere, aspexi, aspectus - to look at, behold, look upon 

desisto, desistere, destiti - to leave off, desist 

cieo, ciere, civi, citus - rouse, stir 

defigo, defigere, defixi, defixus - fix, to fasten 

haereo, haereo, haesi, haesum - to cling, to stick, to get stuck; be embarrassed

incedo, incedere, incessi, incessus - to go forth, stride, walk majestically 

insto, instare - to press on + dative

mollio (4) to soften

parco, parcere, peperci + dative = to spare, pardon 

populo (1) to devastate, 

stupeo, stupere, stupui - to stand fixed, to be dazed 

sumo, sumere, sumpsi, sumptus - take, use up, consume (alsoadsumo) 

surgo, surgere, surrexi, surrectus - to rise up, to stand up 

solvo, solvere, solvi, solutus - to loosen, set free; bring an end to 

veho, vehere, vexi, vectus - to convey, carry 

veto, vetere, vetui - to forbid, prevent

voluto (1) to roll over and over and over and over and over....

aequor, aequoris (n) sea, level surface of the sea 

aes, aeris (n) bronze

anima, -ae (f) soul, spirit, ghost [breath , wind, air]. Transf., [the breath of life, vital principle, soul]; 'animam edere', [to give up the ghost]; poet., [life-blood]; meton., [a living being]; sometimes = animus, [rational soul].

animus, -i (m) [the spiritual or rational principle of life in man]. More specifically: (1) [the seat of feeling , the heart]; 'animi causa', [for pleasure]; loc. (or genit.) 'animi', [at heart]. (2) [character, disposition]; as a trait of character (esp. in plur.) [courage, spirit, vivacity]; also [pride, arrogance]. (3) [the seat of the will, intention]: 'habeo in animo', [I am resolved]. (4) [the seat of thought, intellect, mind, memory, consciousness].

antrum, -i (n) 

arx, arcis (f) citadel 

aurum, - (n) gold

auris, -is (f) ears         

aura, -ae (f) breeze 

caterva, -ae (f) crowd

caecus, a, um - blind

clarus, a, um - clear, bright; distinguished, noble 

cura, ae (f) care, worry, anxiety 

discrimen, discriminis (n) a dividing line; critical moment; crisis; hardship

foedus, foederis (n) treaty, contract 

foris, -is (f) door, gate 

harena, -ae (f) sand

inceptum, , -i (n) beginning, undertaking

iuvenis, -is (m) youth 

ius, iuris (n) law

mare, maris (n) sea

moles, molis (f) a mass; undertaking, burden 

mos, moris (m) custom 

metus, -us (m) fear

noxa, -ae (f) crime

officium, -ii (n) duty, kindness, favour

opus, operis (n) work, labour, task 

ops, ops (f) power, influence; resources, wealth

ora, -ae (f) shore

praeda, -ae (f) booty 

ramus, i (m) branch 

remus, -i (m) oar

sors, sortis (f) lot, chance; fate 

turbo, turbinis (m) storm; whirlwind 

vis, vis (f) force; in plural = strength 

acutus, a, um - sharp 

aetherius, a, um- of the upper air, ethereal 

ater, atra, atrum - black 

avidus, a, um - eager 

barbarus, a, um - foreign, strange, uncivilized 

crudelis, -e- cruel, bloody 

cunctus, a, um - all 

infelix, infelicis - unhappy, ill-fated, barren 

laetus, a, um - happy 

memor, memoris (adj.) mindful, remembering + genitive 

potens, potentis (adj.) powerful, ruling over + genitive 

subnixus, a, um + abl.   resting on 

tutus, a, um - safe

at, ast (adversative conj.) 

adhuc (adv.) to his point, till now

coram (adv.) openly, publicly, face to face

equidem - truly, indeed, certainly 

pariter (adv.) equally 

praeterea (adv.) here after, besides

quippe (adv.) of course, certain (tone?)

seu...seu  - whether...or

First list for the Aeneid

Be able to decline:  haec vis or illud mare or litus ipsum

Anchises, -ae (m) acc. =Anchisen - Trojan Prince and father of Aeneas

Argi, -orum (m. pl.) Argos, city in Greece where Juno is worshipped 

Argivus, a, um - Argive, Greek 

Danaus, a, um - Danaan, Greek

Ganymēdēs, -is (m) Trojan boy and son of Laomedon, king of Troy

Lāvīnius, a, um - Lavinian, of Lavinium 

Parcae, -arum (f) Fates 

Teucrus, a, um - Teucrian, Trojan (Teucer was a king of Troy)

Troia, -ae (f) city of Troy or Ilium

Tyrius, a, um - Tyrian, of Tyre, a Phoenician city on the coast of the Levant

Saturnius, a, um - of Saturn 

Trōs, Trōis (m) Trojan

Words of Special Significance:

moles, molis (f) a mass, weight, burden 

pietas, pietatis (f) 

pius, a, um 

condo, condere, condidi, conditus

volvo, volvere, volui, volutus - to move in a curved course; to roll; to unroll; to undergo

vatēs, vatis (m) bard, prophet, singer; poet

accendo, accendere, accendi, accensus - to inflame; enrage 

adeo, adire, adiī, aditus - to approach, encounter 

ardeo, ardere, arsi, arsus - to burn; be eager

arceo, arcere, arcui - keep off, defend, restrain 

cano, canere, cecinī, cantus - to sing

cerno, cernere, crevi, cretus - to discern, perceive 

doleo, dolere, dolui - to suffer, grieve, resent 

eripio, eripere, eripui, ereptus - to snatch away

for, fari, fatus sum - to speak

foveo, fovere, fovi - to cherish, fondle 

fundo, fundere, fudi, fusus - to pour 

furo, furere, furui - to rage, rave, be frantic 

iacto (1) to toss, buffet 

impello, impellere, impulī, impulsus - to strike against, drive, force 

incedo, incedere, incessi, incessus - to stride; go forth; walk 

labor, labi, lapsus sum - to slipe, to slide 

laedo, laedere, laesi, laesus - to hurt, strike, offend 

metuo, metuere, metui - to fear

patior, pati, passus sum - to suffer, endure; allow 

ruo, ruere, rui - fall; rush; sink

sino, sinere, sivi - to permit, allow

tendo, tendere, tetendi, tentus - to stretch

voluto (1) to turn over, roll

volvo, volvere, volui, volutus - to move in a curved course; to roll; to unroll; to undergo

aequor, aequoris (n) sea 

altum, -i (n) the deep, the sea

arx, arcis (f) citadel, fort; height

ara, ae (f) altar

arvum, -i (n) field 

aura, -ae (f) breeze, air

aurum, -i (n) gold

causa, -ae (f) cause, reason 

casus, -ūs (m) misfortune, chance

cura, -ae (f) care, anxiety, 

currus, -ūs (m) chariot

donum, -i (n) gift

fatum, -i (n) fate

fors, fortis (f) chance, fortune

fluctus, us (m) wave, tide, flood, sea

furia, -ae (f) rage, madness 

genus, generis (n) race; kind, origin, 

gens, gentis (f) clan, race, nation

litus, litoris (n) shore

moenia, -ium (n) walls

numen, numinis (n) divine authority, divinity

ora, -ae (f) shore 

pontus, -i (m) sea

portus, -us (m) port

porta, -ae (f) gate

progenies, progeniei (f) offspring 

pelagus, -i (n) sea

pectus, pectoris (n) chest; heart; soul 

relinquiae, ārum (fe. pl.) the leavings, remnants

sidus, sideris (n) star

socius, -i (m) ally, comrade, follower 

sanguis, -inis (m) blood

somnus, -i (m) sleep, slumber; dream 

turbo, turbinis (m) whirlwind 

vetus, veteris (adj.) old 

asper, aspera, asperum - rough, harsh 

ater, atra, atrum - dark, black, gloomy

caelestis, -e(adj.) of the sky, heavenly

carus, a, um - dear + dative case

dives, divitis (adj.) rich 

fessus, a, um - tired, weary 

immanis, -e- huge, monstrous, enormous 

insignis, -e- marked, distinguished 

invīsus, a, um - hated 

infelix, infelicis (adj.) unfortunate, unhappy, accursed 

inferus, a, um - low, below, underneath

memor, memoris (adj.) mindful + genitive case

saevus, a, um - cruel, savage

enim - for, indeed, in truth 

insuper (adv.) above, besides 

lātē (adv.) widely, far and wide 

longe (adv.) far off

necdum (adv.) not yet

olim (adv.) once upon a time, once

praeterea (adv.) besides, hereafter

qua (adv.) where, in anyway

quippe - truly, indeed surely 

una (adv.) together, at the same time 

unde - from which, whence 

Final Caesar Vocabulary List - Book 6

1) Be able to decline:          carus vultus;  insigne munus;  hoc os;   nullum numen

2) Expect verb game on:     for, fari, fatus sum and colo, colere, colui, cultus

fertur = he, she, it is said

abdo, abdere, abdidi, abditus - to put away, hide, remove, secrete

cano, canere, cecini, cantus - to sing 

colo, colere, colui, cultus - to worship; to cultivate 

comprehendo, comprehendere, comprehendi - seize, grasp, arrest

condo, condere, condidi, conditus - to found, establish

confido, confidere, confisus sum (semi-transvestite) + dative  = to trust 

conspicor (1) to catch sight of; perceive 

contego, contegere, contexi, contextum - cover over

deficio, deficere, defeci, defectum - to give out, to fail 

dimico (1) to brandish weapon; contend 

excido, excidere - to fall from, perish 

fertur = he, she, it is said

for, fari, fatus sum - to speak

foveo, fovere -to keep warm; cherish, support

iacto (1) to toss, buffet

immolo (1) to sacrifice , immolate 

impello, impellere, impuli, impulsus - to drive, force, strike 

laedo, laedere, laesi, laesum - to hurt, injure; offend 

metuo, metuere, metui - fear, dread 

patior, pati, passus sum - to suffer, endure; to allow + acc. + inf. 

rego, regere, rexi, rectum - to rule, lead, direct 

servo, servare - to keep, preserve 

sino, sinere, sivi, situs - permit, allow 

versor (1) to be engaged in 

volvo, volvere, volvi, volutus - to wind, roll, twist

altum, -i (n) the deep; the sea 

aequor, aequoris (n) a flat level surface; the sea

arx, arcis (f) citadel 

causa, -ae (f) cause, reason; case                    

casus, -us (m) chance; misfortune, disaster

conspectus, -us (m) look, sight, view

currus, -us (m) chariot 

excidium, -ii (n) destruction, overthrow 

fama, -ae (f) rumour, story, report

furiae, -arum (f) madness, rage 

furtum, i (n) theft, robbery 

gens, gentil (f) race, clan

iniuria, -ae (f) injury, wrong

litus, litoris (n) shore 

moenia, -ium (n. pl.) walls

moles, molis (f) mass, burden, difficulty 

morbus, -i (m) disease, sickness, illness

munus, muneris (n) service, duty; gift 

noxia, -ae (f) fault, offence, crime

numen, numinis (n) divine spirit, divine power

opinio, opinionis (f) opinion, thought, belief 

opus, operis (n) task, work; fortification; need 

ops, opis (f) help, resources, power, wealth 

ora, orae (f) shore

os, oris (n) mouth; face

os, ossis (n) bone

progenies, progeniei (f) offspring 

quisquam, quaequam, quidquam - anybody, anyone, anything

sanguis, sanguinis (m) blood; family, race 

sal, salis (n) salt 

vultus, -us (m) face; expression 

asper, aspera, asperum - harsh, rough, fierce 

caelestis, -e- celestial, heavenly 

carus, a, um - dear + dative case

dives, divitis (adj.) wealthy, rich 

immanis, -e- immense, enormous 

immitis, -e   - fierce, cruel 

insignis, -e- distinguished, remarkable 

invisus,a, um - hated, hateful, odious 

memor, menoris (adj.) mindful, remembering + genitive case

saevus, a, um - cruel 

tot (indecl. adj.) so many

turpis, -e- shameful, ugly, vile 

vetus, veteris (adj.) old 

vivus, a, um - living, alive

admodum (adv.) completely, just about

causā + preceding genitive = "for the sake of" 

clam (adv.) in secret

circum + acc.  = around 

dum (subord. conj.) + indicative = while 

dum (subord. conj.) + subjunctive = until 

enim - for, indeed, in truth 

magis (adv.) more, rather

necdum - not yet

nondum- not yet 

ob + acc.  - on account of 

palam (adv.) openly, publicly

qua (adv.) where, in any way 

quoque (adv.) also 

fertur = he, she, it is said

List for Quiz on Monday, November 24. 

adipiscor, adipisci, adeptus sum - to obtain, get

adhaereo, adhaerere, adhaesi - to cling to, to stick to

audeo, audere, ausus sum - to dare 

cano, canere, cecini, cantus - to sing 

comperio, comperire, comperi, compertus - to find out; to discover 

concedo, concedere - to withdraw 

consisto, consistere, constiti - to stand (still), to stop

concido, concidere, concidi, concisum - to cut down 

constipo (1) to crowd together in, to stuff

confido, confidere, confisus sum (semi-deponent) - to believe, to trust, to rely on 

conficio, -ere - to exhaust; to finish 

insto, instare, institi - press on, take position 

irrumpo, irrumpere, irrupi, irruptus, a, um - burst in 

ligo (1) to tie, bind (ligament) 

moror, morari, moratus sum - to delay, linger

morior, mori, mortuus sum - to die

nascor, nasci, natus sum - to be born 

nitor, niti, nixus or nisus sum - to rely on (+abl. case); to struggle to + infinitive 

noceo, nocere, nocui, nocitus - to harm + dative case [often used impersonally  in Caesar: ipsi Titurio nihil nocitum iri = "that no harm will be done to Titurius himself"]

procedo, procedere, processi, processum - to proceed, to advance 

prodo, prodere, prodidi, proditus - to bring fourth; betray 

progredior, progredi, progessus sum - to advance 

subvenio, subvenire, subveni - come up to; aid, relieve 

sumo, sumere, sumpsi, sumptus - to take; spend 

tollo, tollere, sustuli, sublatus - raise; destroy 

soleo, solere, solitus sum - to be accustomed to + infinitive 

versor (1) to be engaged, move about; to live 

vereor, vereri, veritus sum - fear, be afraid

adventus, -us (m) arrival (advent)

aedes, aedis (f) building; temple 

aetas, aetatis (f) age, time of life

auctoritas, auctoritatis (f) influence, clout 

aer, aeris (m) air (useful for rebuilding ships) 

aes, aeris (n) bronze

balteus, -i (m) belt, baldric, girdle 

beneficium, -ii (n) kindness, favour, benefit 

caedes, caedis (f) murder, slaughter, killing

casus, -us (m) chance; misfortune, disaster 

certamen, certaminis (n) contest, conflict

cor, cordis (n) heart 

epistula, -ae (f) letter, missive

facinus, facinoris (n) deed; bad deed; crime 

fama, -ae (f) rumour, story, hearsay 

fas (n. indeclinable) right or just according to divine law (opposite is nefas). 

gratia, -ae (f) influence, favour; thanks

iniuria, -ae (f) wrong, injury, injustice 

ius, iuris (n) justice, law, right

liberi, - orum (m) children 

moles, molis (f) a mass, a weight 

morbus, -i (m) disease, sickness, illness

poena, -ae (f) punishment 

nutus, -us (m) a nod

numen, numinis (f) divine spirit; divinity 

obsidio, obsidionis (f) siege, blockade 

ratio, rationis (f) - a reckoning , account, consideration, calculation; 'rationem ducere', [to compute]; [any transaction, affair, business; a reason, motive, ground; a plan, scheme, system; reasonableness, method, order; a theory, doctrine, science; the reasoning faculty].

scutum, -i (n) shield 

turris, -is (f) tower (Italian torre)

vagina, -ae (f) sheath, scabbard 

vallum, -i (n) rampart, wall 

acer, acris, acre - sharp; fierce; bitter; eager (acrid) 

asper, aspera, asperum - rough, harsh, violent

confertus, a, um - crowded together 

creber, crebra, crebrum - crowded, frequent

cupidus, a, um - desirous, eager 

immanis, -e enormous, immense 

inferus, a, um - below, lower 

impeditus, a, um-  hindered, impeded 

impius, a, um - impious, unholy 

incolumis -e [uninjured , safe and sound]

quidam, quaedam, quoddam (indefinite adj.)  a certain 

quinam, quaenam, quodnam - which, that

quispiam, quaepiam, quodpiam - who?, what? 

repentinus, a, um - sudden

turpis, -e- ugly, shameful, disgusting (turpitude) 

uter, utra, utrum - each of two, one of two 

vivus, a, um - living, alive 

admodum (adv.) completely, just about

aut...aut (conjunctions) either...or 

bis (adv.) twice 

deinceps (adv.) one after another, successively 

intus (adv.) within 

intra (prep.+ acc.) within, among 

confestim (adv.) immediately 

ne...quidem = not even

neve - or not, and not, nor 

nondum (adv.) not yet

pridie (adv.) on the day before, on the previous day. 

quidem - infact, indeed

quoque - and also, also 

rursus (adv.) again, back 

sicut - just as, so as 

extra (prep. + acc.) outside, beyond, outside of

adipiscor, adipisci, adeptus sum - to obtain, get

adhaereo, adhaerere, adhaesi - to cling to, to stick to

comperio, comperire, comperi, compertus - to find out; to discover 

concedo, concedere - to withdraw 

consisto, consistere, constiti - to stand (still), to stop

concido, concidere, concidi, concisum - to cut down 

constipo (1) to crowd together in, to stuff

confido, confidere, confisus sum (semi-deponent) - to believe, to trust, to rely on 

conficio, -ere - to exhaust; to finish 

insto, instare, institi - press on, take position 

irrumpo, irrumpere, irrupi, irruptus, a, um - burst in 

ligo (1) to tie, bind (ligament) 

moror, morari, moratus sum - to delay, linger

morior, mori, mortuus sum - to die

nascor, nasci, natus sum - to be born 

nitor, niti, nixus or nisus sum - to rely on (+abl. case); to struggle to + infinitive 

noceo, nocere, nocui, nocitus - to harm + dative case [often used impersonally  in Caesar: ipsi Titurio nihil nocitum iri = "that no harm will be done to Titurius himself"]

procedo, procedere, processi, processum - to proceed, to advance 

prodo, prodere, prodidi, proditus - to bring fourth; betray 

progredior, progredi, progessus sum - to advance 

subvenio, subvenire, subveni - come up to; aid, relieve 

sumo, sumere, sumpsi, sumptus - to take; spend 

tollo, tollere, sustuli, sublatus - raise; destroy 

soleo, solere, solitus sum - to be accustomed to + infinitive 

versor (1) to be engaged, move about; to live 

vereor, vereri, veritus sum - fear, be afraid

adventus, -us (m) arrival (advent)

aedes, aedis (f) building; temple 

aetas, aetatis (f) age, time of life

auctoritas, auctoritatis (f) influence, clout

beneficium, -ii (n) kindness, favour, benefit 

caedes, caedis (f) murder, slaughter, killing

casus, -us (m) chance; misfortune, disaster 

certamen, certaminis (n) contest, conflict

cor, cordis (n) heart 

epistula, -ae (f) letter, missive

facinus, facinoris (n) deed; bad deed; crime 

fama, -ae (f) rumour, story, hearsay 

fas (n. indeclinable) right or just according to divine law (opposite is nefas). 

gratia, -ae (f) influence, favour; thanks

iniuria, -ae (f) wrong, injury, injustice 

ius, iuris (n) justice, law, right

liberi, - orum (m) children 

moles, molis (f) a mass, a weight 

morbus, -i (m) disease, sickness, illness

poena, -ae (f) punishment 

nutus, -us (m) a nod

numen, numinis (f) divine spirit; divinity 

obsidio, obsidionis (f) siege, blockade 

ratio, rationis (f) - a reckoning , account, consideration, calculation; 'rationem ducere', [to compute]; [any transaction, affair, business; a reason, motive, ground; a plan, scheme, system; reasonableness, method, order; a theory, doctrine, science; the reasoning faculty].

scutum, -i (n) shield 

turris, -is (f) tower (Italian torre)

vagina, -ae (f) sheath, scabbard 

vallum, -i (n) rampart, wall 

acer, acris, acre - sharp; fierce; bitter; eager (acrid) 

asper, aspera, asperum - rough, harsh, violent

confertus, a, um - crowded together 

creber, crebra, crebrum - crowded, frequent

cupidus, a, um - desirous, eager 

immanis, -e enormous, immense 

inferus, a, um - below, lower 

impeditus, a, um-  hindered, impeded 

impius, a, um - impious, unholy 

incolumis -e [uninjured , safe and sound]

quidam, quaedam, quoddam (indefinite adj.)  a certain 

quinam, quaenam, quodnam - which, that

quispiam, quaepiam, quodpiam - who?, what? 

repentinus, a, um - sudden

turpis, -e- ugly, shameful, disgusting (turpitude) 

uter, utra, utrum - which of two? 

vivus, a, um - living, alive 

admodum (adv.) completely, just about

aut...aut (conjunctions) either...or 

bis (adv.) twice 

deinceps (adv.) one after another, successively 

intus (adv.) within 

intra (prep.+ acc.) within, among 

confestim (adv.) immediately 

ne...quidem = not even

neve - or not, and not, nor 

nondum (adv.) not yet

pridie (adv.) on the day before, on the previous day. 

quidem - infact, indeed

quoque - and also, also 

rursus (adv.) again, back 

sicut - just as, so as 

extra (prep. + acc.) outside, beyond, outside of

Phrases or Idioms:

Res est testimonio - “the matter is for (the purpose of) evidence”

de summis rebus - “concerning the most serious circumstances”

in ipso negotio: 'in the midst of action'.

ad hunc modum - in this manner

in perpetuum - forever 

se receperunt - they retreated

longe lateque - far and wide

eodem die - on the same day 

subductis navibus - ship drawn up 

magna manu - with a large group of men 

summo loco - in the highest position

List Four - Caesar, De Bello Gallico

Be able to decline:  hoc opus &  eadem fides

adipiscor, adipisci, adeptus sum - get, obtain, reach 

ardeo, ardere, arsi, arsus - to burn; to be eager 

cado, cadere, cecidi, casus - to fall 

cedo, cedere, cessi, cessus - to move, to withdraw 

cingo, cingere, cinxi, cinctus - to surround 

coepi, coepisse, coeptum - to begin (defective verb) 

concito (1) to incite, stir, impel 

confiteor, confiteri, confessus sum - to admit, to reveal 

confido, confidere, confisus sum - to trust, believe 

conspicio, conspicere, conspexi, conspectus - to see, to behold 

consulo, consulere, consului, consultus - to consult, to consider

compleo, complere, complevi, completus - to fill 

debeo, debere, debui, debitus - to owe; ought

despero (1) to give up, to have not hope

disco, discere, didici - to learn, get to know 

excito (1) excite, inspire; raise 

excedo, excedere, excessi, excessus - to go out

impetro (1) to obtain, accomplish 

interpono, interponere, interposui - to introduce 

labor, labi, lapsus sum - to slipe, glide 

minuo, minuere, minui - to diminish 

munio, (4) to fortify 

nanciscor, nancisci, nactus sum - to obtain, meet

nascor, nasci, natus sum - to be born 

nosco, noscere, novi, notus - to recognize; know, learn  

nego (1) to deny, to say ...not 

nitor, niti, nisus sum - to lean on; to rely on 

paro (1) to prepare

pareo, parere, parui - to obey + dative

pario, parere, peperi, partus - to produce, bear 

pendeo, pendere, pependi, pensus - pay, weigh, to hang 

polliceor, polliceri, pollicitus sum - to promise, offer

probo (1) to approve, demonstrate

repello, repellere, repuli, repulsus - drive back, repulse 

tollo, tollere, subtuli, sublatus - raise; destroy 

vereor, vereri, veritus sum - to be afraid, fear

ulciscor, ulcisci, ultus sum - to avenge, take vengeance 

aditus, -us (m) approach, entrance 

auctoritas, auctoritatis (f) influence, clout 

centurio, centurionis (m) centurion 

circuitus, -us (m) circumference, circuit 

contumelia, -ae (f) insult, outrage; violence 

fames, famis (f) hunger

fama, -ae (f) story, rumor; reputation 

familiaris, -e- of the family; close friend 

fides, fidei (f) faith, honor, trust 

fletus, -us (m) weeping 

hiems, hiemis (f) winter

hiberna, -orum (n. Pl.) winter-camp

inopia, -ae (f) poverty, want, need

ignis, -is (m) fire

meritum, -i (n) service, favour

mos, moris (m) custom, habit, manner

negotium, -ii (n) business, a task 

opus, operis (n) work, toil; defenses 

opera, -ae (f) effort, attention 

praesidium, -ii (n) guard, protection

pietas, pietatis (f) devotion/loyalty to family, state/nations and gods

ratio, rationis (f) an accounting, reasoning 

scala, -ae (f) ladder, stairs 

sententia, -ae (f) opinion, purpose 

sermo, sermonis (m) conversation, speech 

studium, -ii (n) eagerness, zeal 

stipendium, -i (n) pay; military service 

voluntas, voluntatis (f) wish, will, choice 

vulgus, -i (n) mass, mob

aeger, aegra, aegrum - sick, weak 

alacer, alacris, alacere - eager, spirited 

amplus, a, um - ample, full, spacious 

confertus, a, um - crowded together 

humilis, -e- on the ground; humble, low

incommodus, a, um - unfortunate, disastrous 

incolumis, -e- uninjured, safe

indignus, a, um + ablative= unworthy, undeserving 

idoneus, a, um - suitable, appropriate + dative case

levis, -e - light

par, paris - equal, similar 

repentinus, a, um - sudden, unexpected 

saucius, a, -um - wounded 

adeo, (av.) to such an extent 

apud + acc. = in the presence of, with, among

confestim (adv.) immediately 

eiusmodi - of this kind, of such a kind, so 

intra + acc.   = within 

inter + acc= between, among 

procul (adv.) far off, at a distance

quotiens - as often as

quoniam - since 

nondum (adv.) not yet

paene (adv.) almost 

rursus (adv.) again, backward

sive…sive or seu…seu - whether, or 

tametsi - even if, although 

unde - whence, from where

vero - in truth, in fact

Phrases or Idioms:

Res est testimonio - “the matter is for (the purpose of) evidence”

de summis rebus - “concerning the most serious circumstances”

in ipso negotio: 'in the midst of action'.

ad hunc modum - in this manner

in perpetuum - forever 

se receperunt - they retreated

longe lateque - far and wide

eodem die - on the same day 

subductis navibus - ship drawn up 

magna manu - with a large group of men 

summo loco - in the highest position

3rd Vocabulary List for Caesar - Martial Words

List for 3rd Vocabulary Quiz - "Them's Fighten' Words" or Words of a Martial Nature.

conicio, conicere, conieci, coniectus - to hurl, to throw

consuesco, consuescere, consuevi, consuetus - to be accustomed (to)+ infinitive

cognosco, cognoscere, cognovi, cognotus - to learn, come to know (in the perfect = know). 

contendo, contendere, contendi, contentus - to struggle, vie, fight 

dedo, dedere, dedidi, deditus - to give up, surrender 

desum, deesse, defui - to be lacking; to fail + dative case

expugno (1) to take by storm, capture

existimo (1) to judge, consider, think 

efficio, efficere, effeci, effectus - to do, effect(often used impersonally + ut + subjunctive = “it happened that.....”

gero, gerere, gessi, gestum - to wage, conduct, accomplish; wear

incolo, incolere - to dwell 

incito (1) to drive forward, incite 

munio (4) to fortify 

nasciscor, nascisci, nactus sum - to find, to obtain

probo (1) approve, commend

praecedo, praecedere, praecessi - to go before, excel 

procedo, procedere, processi, processus - to advance, go forward 

proficiscor, proficisci, profectus sum - to set out  

subvenio, subvenire, subveni, subventum - to come to the aid of + dative

acies, aciei (f) battle line

agmen, agminis (n) marching line (novissimum agmen = rear of theline)

auxilium, -ii (n) help 

castra, -arum (n) camp

cohors, cohortis (f) cohort

cornu, -us (n) wing (of an army); horn 

copiae, -arum (f) troops

equites, equitum (m. pl.) cavalry

equitatus, -us (m) cavalry 

eruptio, eruptionis (f) a breaking out

exercitus, -us (m) army

fossa, -ae (f) ditch 

frumentum, -i (n) grain, (in plural = crops)

gladius, -ii (m) sword

impedimentum, -i (n) impediment, obstacle, (in plural = baggage train)

impetus, -us (m) attack 

latus, lateris (n) side; flank

legatus, -i (m) envoy; lieutenant

legio, legionis (f) legion 

manus, -us (f) hand; band or group of soldiers

miles, militis (m) soldier

munitio, munitionis (f) fortification 

murus, -i (m) wall 

obsidio, obsidionis (f) siege, blockade 

pars, partis (f) part, side; direction

passus, -us (m) step, pace

pilum, i (n) javelin 

praesidium, -ii (n) guard

proelium, -ii (n)  battle

profectio, profectionis (f) departure, setting out 

salus, salutis (f) safety, salvation 

scutum, -i (n) shield 

subsidium, -ii (n) help, reinforcement, support

telum, -i (n) weapon; spear 

turris, turris, turrium (f) tower

usus, -us (m) use (of used as a dative of purpose by Caesar)

vigilia, -ae (f) watch (military)

vallum, -i (n) rampart; wall 

virtus, virtutis (f) courage, valour 

expeditus, a, um- lightly armed 

fortis, forte (adj.) brave, strong

paratus, a, um - prepared

reliquus, a, um - remaining, the rest

tardus, a, um - slow 

ne...quidem = not even (surrounds the word that it emphasizes) 

qua (relative) where

fere (adv.) nearly, almost

plerumque (adv.) generally, usually; often

praeterea (adv.) besides, moreover

procul (adv.) at a distance, far away

prope (adv.) near

propterea quod - because, on account of the fact that

List for 2nd Vocabulary Quiz. 

accido, accidere, accidi - to happen (often + ut + subjunctive) = it happened that ......

arbitror, arbitrari, arbitratus sum - to judge, to think 

conficio, conficere, confeci, confectus - to complete, finish

consisto, consistere, constiti - to take up position; to place oneself; stop; stand firm 

consto, constare, constiti, constatum - to stand together; to be established; often used impersonally -  constat or constabat=   it is agreed 

constituo, constituere, constitui, constitutum - to set up, place, establish; to decide, to arrange 

consuesco, consuescere, consuevi, consuetus - to be accustomed (to)+ infinitive

cognosco, cognoscere, cognovi, cognotus - to learn, come to know (in the perfect = know). 

desum, deesse, defui - to be lacking; to fail + dative case

efficio, efficere, effeci, effectus - to do, effect(often used impersonally + ut + subjunctive = “it happened that.....”

nasciscor, nascisci, nactus sum - to find, to obtain 

persuadeo, persuadere, persuasi, persuasum + dative   - to persuade

praesto, praestare, praestiti, praestatus - to perform 

praesum, praeesse, praefui + dative  - to be in command of

procedo, procedere, processi, processurus - to go forward, advance

pronuntio, prountiare, pronuniavi, pronuntiatus - to announce, make known

subsequor, subsequi, subsecutus sum - to follow closely

versor, versari, versatus sum - to be involved in, to be engaged in

animus, -i (m) mind, spirit; (in plural = courage)

consuetudo, consuetudinis (f) custum, habit

consilium, -ii (n) plan, counsel 

copia, -ae (f) abundance; troops, forces; supplies

casus, -ūs (m) misfortune disater

casu (adv.) by change, accidentally 

facultas, facultatis (f) opportunity, power, skill, ability 

finis, -is (m or f) end, limit, boundary (in plural = borders, territory)

finitimi, -ōrum (m. pl.) neighboring tribe or people

imperium, -i (n) command, power

initium, -i (n) beginning; entrance

iter, itineris (n) journey, path, route, road (facere iter = to march)

navis, -is (f) ship (navium gen. pl.)

obses, obsidis (m/f) hostage

opera, -ae (f) effort, trouble

opus, operis (n) work; building; fortification 

passus, -us (m) step, pace

salus, salutis (f) safety 

tergum, -i (n) back 

usus, ūs (m) use, exercise,  practice, application 

nonnullus, a, um - some, (lit. not none)  -ius paradigm 

relinquus, a, um - the remaining, the rest

totus, a, um (-ius paradigm) whole, entire

tutus, a, um - safe

uterque, utraque, utrumque (-ius paradigm utriusque in gen.)  each (of two)

fere (adv.) nearly, almost

plerumque (adv.) generally, usually; often

praeterea (adv.) besides, moreover

procul (adv.) at a distance, far away

prope (adv.) near

propter (prep. +acc.) on account of, because of

quisque, quidque (indef. pronoun) each one, each person, each thing

ne...quidem = not even 

quidem, indeed, certainly, at any rate

uti = ut (subordinating conj.) 

3rd Vocabulary List for Caesar - Martial Words

List for 3rd Vocabulary Quiz - "Them's Fighten' Words" or Words of a Martial Nature.

conicio, conicere, conieci, coniectus - to hurl, to throw

consuesco, consuescere, consuevi, consuetus - to be accustomed (to)+ infinitive

cognosco, cognoscere, cognovi, cognotus - to learn, come to know (in the perfect = know). 

contendo, contendere, contendi, contentus - to struggle, vie, fight 

dedo, dedere, dedidi, deditus - to give up, surrender 

desum, deesse, defui - to be lacking; to fail + dative case

expugno (1) to take by storm, capture

existimo (1) to judge, consider, think 

efficio, efficere, effeci, effectus - to do, effect(often used impersonally + ut + subjunctive = “it happened that.....”

gero, gerere, gessi, gestum - to wage, conduct, accomplish; wear

incolo, incolere - to dwell 

incito (1) to drive forward, incite 

munio (4) to fortify 

nasciscor, nascisci, nactus sum - to find, to obtain

probo (1) approve, commend

praecedo, praecedere, praecessi - to go before, excel 

procedo, procedere, processi, processus - to advance, go forward 

proficiscor, proficisci, profectus sum - to set out  

subvenio, subvenire, subveni, subventum - to come to the aid of + dative

acies, aciei (f) battle line

agmen, agminis (n) marching line (novissimum agmen = rear of theline)

auxilium, -ii (n) help 

castra, -arum (n) camp

cohors, cohortis (f) cohort

cornu, -us (n) wing (of an army); horn 

copiae, -arum (f) troops

equites, equitum (m. pl.) cavalry

equitatus, -us (m) cavalry 

eruptio, eruptionis (f) a breaking out

exercitus, -us (m) army

fossa, -ae (f) ditch 

frumentum, -i (n) grain, (in plural = crops)

gladius, -ii (m) sword

impedimentum, -i (n) impediment, obstacle, (in plural = baggage train)

impetus, -us (m) attack 

latus, lateris (n) side; flank

legatus, -i (m) envoy; lieutenant

legio, legionis (f) legion 

manus, -us (f) hand; band or group of soldiers

miles, militis (m) soldier

munitio, munitionis (f) fortification 

murus, -i (m) wall 

obsidio, obsidionis (f) siege, blockade 

pars, partis (f) part, side; direction

passus, -us (m) step, pace

pilum, i (n) javelin 

praesidium, -ii (n) guard

proelium, -ii (n)  battle

profectio, profectionis (f) departure, setting out 

salus, salutis (f) safety, salvation 

scutum, -i (n) shield 

subsidium, -ii (n) help, reinforcement, support

telum, -i (n) weapon; spear 

turris, turris, turrium (f) tower

usus, -us (m) use (of used as a dative of purpose by Caesar)

vigilia, -ae (f) watch (military)

vallum, -i (n) rampart; wall 

virtus, virtutis (f) courage, valour 

expeditus, a, um- lightly armed 

fortis, forte (adj.) brave, strong

paratus, a, um - prepared

reliquus, a, um - remaining, the rest

tardus, a, um - slow 

ne...quidem = not even (surrounds the word that it emphasizes) 

qua (relative) where

fere (adv.) nearly, almost

plerumque (adv.) generally, usually; often

praeterea (adv.) besides, moreover

procul (adv.) at a distance, far away

prope (adv.) near

propterea quod - because, on account of the fact that